Exam (elaborations)
NUR 280 PATHO EXAM
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Exam of 30 pages for the course NUR 280 at NUR 280 (NUR 280 PATHO EXAM)
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NUR 280 PATHO EXAM5 major classes of organisms that can infect humans - ANSWER 1. viruses
2. bacteria
3. fungi
4. protozoa
5. helminths
(Very Bad For People's Health)
Viruses once inside the cell have many harmful cellular effects... - ANSWER 1.
decrease host cell protein synthesis
2. viral antigens cause host immune system to attack the infected host cell
3. transform host cells into cancer cells
4. lysosome disruption produces cell lysis
5. cell fusion produces giant cells
6. promotes secondary bacterial infections
Viral Infections - ANSWER requires the virus to bind to a specific receptor on the
plasma membrane of the host cell - specificity of the virus for certain receptors and
the distribution of these receptors throughout the host's tissues can dictate which
host cells a particular virus can infect
Bacteremia - ANSWER presence of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia - ANSWER presence and multiplication of bacteria in the blood
a serious, systemic, and life-threatening infection that gets worse very quickly and
leads to sepsis
Fungal Infections - ANSWER also called mycoses - spreads through living tissues,
killing cells and absorbing nutrients
1. single-celled: yeasts, facultative anaerobes
2. multicellular: molds, aerobes
Dermatophytes - ANSWER fungi that cause infection of the hair, skin, and nails
(tineas, ringworm)
Protozoan Infections - ANSWER abundant in soil and water
responsible for amoebic dysentery and malaria
Helminth Infections (Parasitic Worms) - ANSWER live inside their host - typically
cause weakness and discomfort, but do not themselves kill the host, it is
complications resulting from parasitic infection that prove fatal - malnutrition, chronic
bleeding, and secondary infections by bacterial or viral pathogens
Adenoviruses - ANSWER childhood respiratory infections, eye infections
Aspergillus fumigatus - ANSWER fungi - aspergillosis
,Campylobacter jejuni - ANSWER most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in US
Candida albicans - ANSWER fungi - thrush, vaginal yeast infections, systemic
infections
Clostridium botulinum - ANSWER bacteria - food-borne botulism (food poisoning)
Clostridium tetani - ANSWER bacteria - tetanus
Enterococcus faecalis - ANSWER bacteria - wound infections
Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, Microsporum - ANSWER 3 genera of fungi that
cause dermatophytoses (such as tinea capitis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis)
Epstein-Barr - ANSWER virus - infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma
Escherichia coli - ANSWER bacteria - UTIs, neonatal meningitis, gastroenteritis,
food poisoning
Haemophilus influenzae - ANSWER bacteria - upper respiratory infection
Helicobacter pylori - ANSWER bacteria - most common chronic infection in
humans, gastric and peptic ulcers, acute infection causes abdominal pain, weight
loss, nausea and vominting
Hepatitis B virus - ANSWER hepatitis
Herpes simplex virus - ANSWER cold sores around mouth (HSV-1) or genital
herpes (HSV-2)
HIV-1 - ANSWER AIDS
Human papilloma virus - ANSWER genital warts, cervical cancer
Influenza virus (A,B,C) - ANSWER influenza
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) - ANSWER Kaposi's
sarcoma
Klebsiella pneumoniae - ANSWER bacteria - lung infections
Measles - ANSWER virus - measles
Mumps - ANSWER virus - mumps
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - ANSWER bacteria - tuberculosis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae - ANSWER bacteria - gonorrhea
Neisseria meningitidis - ANSWER bacteria - meningococcal meningitis
, Pneumocystis jiroveci - ANSWER fungi - pneumonia
Polio - ANSWER virus - polio
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - ANSWER bacteria - skin infections, wound infections,
burns - epitome of an opportunistic infection pathogen of humans (CF and traumatic
burns)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus - ANSWER most common cause of bronchiolitis and
pneumonia in kids under 1 y/o
Rhinovirus - ANSWER common cold
Rubella virus - ANSWER German measles
Salmonella - ANSWER bacterial diarrhea, salmonellosis
Shigella - ANSWER bacteria - watery or bloody diarrhea
Staphylococcus aureus - ANSWER bacteria - skin infections, wound infections,
burn infections; almost anywhere in the body - MRSA
Staphylococcus epidermidis - ANSWER bacteria - otitis media, community acquired
lung infections and pneumonia, currently the leading cause of invasive bacterial
disease in children and the elderly
Group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) - ANSWER bacteria - respiratory
infections (strep throat, otitis pneumonia) and skin infections (impetigo, cellulitis) -
95% of all strep throat cases in the US
Treponema pallidum - ANSWER bacteria - syphillis
Trichomonas vaginalis - ANSWER bacteria - trichomoniasis (vaginitis)
Varicella-Zoster - ANSWER virus - shingles and chicken pox
Two types of bacterial toxins - ANSWER endotoxin and exotoxin
Exotoxin - ANSWER proteins (primarily enzymes) or peptides made by the living
organism which damage the plasma membranes of host cells or prevent
phagocytosis
- gram positive bacteria
- do not produce high fever
- antigenic (stimulate adaptive immune response)
- ex: Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera
Endotoxin - ANSWER part of the bacterial cell wall that is released upon death of
the cell
- gram negative bacteria
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