NCE Study Guide (Rosenthal) Questions
with Solutions 2024
Erik Erikson - answer Field: Neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of
development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is
marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" Came up with
Identity Crisis
Carl Jung - answer Field: Neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had
conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all
types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation - Anima/Animus,
Shadow=Id, Persona=Mask, Move client toward Selfhood (Similar to Self-Actualization).
(Memory Hint: JA)
Sigmund Freud - answer Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions:
id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms
(expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference
Freud's Psychosexual Stages - answer Oral stage (0-2; Breast) , Anal stage(2-4; Toilet),
Phallic stage(4-6;Oedipus), Latency stage (6-12;Defense Mechanisms), Genital stage
(12+;Sexual Maturity) (Memory Hint: O APL G!)
Oedipus Complex - answerFeelings of rivalry with the parent of the same sex and
sexual desire for the parent of the other sex, occurring during the phallic stage and
ultimately resolved through identification with the parent of the same sex.
Ego Ideal - answerPart of the superego that consists of what one would like to be; The
superego compares the ego's actions and will reward or punish the ego accordingly; An
overly rewarding or punishing superego can be detrimental
Abraham Maslow - answerField: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at
a lower level (safety and psych) dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are
unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence
John Bowlby - answerBritish psychologist- said that in order to lead a normal social life
the child must bond to an adult before age 3. Saw bonding and attachment as having
survival value (adaptive significance). If bond is severed at an early age, it is called
object loss, which is a breeding ground for abnormal behavior. Said mothers should be
primary caretakers and fathers role is to support mother emotionally rather than
nurturing the child himself. Believes in Birth Order. (Memory Hint: Bowlby, Bonding,
Birth Order)
,Jean Piaget - answerField: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of
cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve
cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
Piaget's Stages - answerSensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-6), concrete
operations(6-11, conservation), formal operations(11-15, Abstract thinking)
William Perry - answerHe is known for his work in adult cognitive development,
specifically with college students. He worked a lot with the concept of "dualistic thinking"
among college students, where everything is either black or white. (Memory technique:
think of Katy Perry's song Hot and Cold to associate Perry with dualism.)
Lawrence Kohlberg - answerField: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created
a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than
overt behavior. Famous Heinz study (Would you steal meds for mom?)
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - answerpre-conventional (follow rules to
avoid punishment, satisfy personal needs), conventional (Works towards the good of
society, Law and Order), post conventional (Rules are relative, Self-chosen priniciples)
Daniel Levinson - answerwrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's
Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a
midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack
of vitality later.
Albert Bandura - answerField: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational
learning (social learning theory), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes
of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children
mimicked play. Adult more violent, child more violent. Think you see someone else's
bandana and learn to like it so you want it.
Robert Havinghurst - answerBelieved that adolescence consisted of a series of
developmental tasks; the skills, knowledge, and attitudes which must be acquired at
successive points in individual development (Walk, Talk, Eat Solid Food) (Memory Hint:
Having Hurst you i will not walk, talk and eat.)
Lev Vygotsky - answerField: child development; Contributions: (Social development
theory) investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development,
zone of proximal development; play research
Mary Ainsworth - answerField: development; Contributions: compared effects of
maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-
observation of parent/child attachment
, Culture - answerCulture is a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors and
is shaped by many factors, including history, religion, politics, and resources (financial,
informational, technological, material, energy, warfare, and human).
Types of Culture - answerBiological Sameness (We all need food), National (Law),
Regional (Behavior), Ecological (Environmental factors - Dress and Eat), Macro
(Majority), Micro (Minority)
Race - answerA group of humans being distinguished by physical traits, blood types,
genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.
Ethnocentrism - answerThe belief that one's group is of central importance, tendency to
judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards.
Emic vs. Etic - answeremic is pov of member, etic is pov of outsider
Autoplastic - answerImplies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his
or her environment; change comes from within, automatic
Alloplastic - answerrefers to changing or adapting to the environment by effecting
changes in the environment; opposite of autoplastic (also Freud and Hysterical women
viewed as autoplastic reactions)
Paralanguage - answerVocalic behaviors that communicate meaning along with verbal
behavior; Usually consider more accurate or true than verbal communication.
Low context communication - answerType of communication with more direct and
explicit expressions of verbal messages. (Eurocentric)
High context Communication - answergrounded in the situation, depends on group
understanding, relies heavily on non-verbal cues, helps unify a culture, & is slow to
change.
Anglo-conformity theory - answerAsserts that people from other cultures would do well
to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant, macroculture
Stages of Acculturation - answerCultural integration (Bi-Cultural Identity), Cultural
Assimilation (Embraces only Macro Culture), Separation (Accepts own culture, but not
Macro Culture - Would work well with counselor from same culture in this stage.),
Marginalization (Individual does not accept own culture or macro).
euphoria, culture shock, tentative recovery, and assimilation/adaptation/integration
Milton Erickson - answerDeveloped the main tenets of strategic family therapy.
Techniques: Storytelling, Hypnosis, Unconscious confusion
