HPRS 2301 Unit 4 Exam Questions and Correct Answers | Latest Update
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Course
HPRS
Institution
HPRS
What is atherosclerosis?
Hardening of the arteries caused by the formation of fibro -fatty lesion
*plaque* within the vessel wall
What are the main causes of atherosclerosis?
1. A genetic component
2. Hypercholesterolemia
3. Cigarette smoking, obesity, hypertension and diab...
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
HPRS 2301 Unit 4 Exam Questions and
Correct Answers | Latest Update
What is atherosclerosis?
Hardening of the arteries caused by the formation of fibro -fatty lesion
*plaque* within the vessel wall
What are the main causes of atherosclerosis?
1. A genetic component
2. Hypercholesterolemia
3. Cigarette smoking, obesity, hypertension and diabetes
Out of the 3 causes for atherosclerosis, which can be considered a *major risk factor*?
Hypercholesterolemia
What is hypercholesterolemia?
Excess cholesterol in blood; heart disease
What are the four steps in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
1. Endothelial cell injury
2. Migration of inflammatory cells
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, Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
3. Lipid accumulation and smooth muscle cell proliferation
4. Plaque structure
What happens in endothelial cell injury?
The endothelial cells that line the wall of the blood vessel are damaged
due to cigarette smoking, elevated LDL, immune mechanisms, and
hypertension
What does it mean when an individual has elevated LDL
The high levels of *low density proteins* kn own as *bad cholesterol* result
in the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries
What happens in the migration of inflammatory cells?
1. The endothelial cells release chemicals that attract and bind the cells of
the inflammatory response and monocytes to wards the area
2. The endothelial cells also express adhesion molecules that indicate to the inflammatory cells
and monocytes that this is the site where the endothelial cell is damaged
What happens during lipid accumulation and smooth muscle cell proliferation?
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1. Monocytes transform into macrophages and release a chemical that is
based on O2 species that oxidize the LDL, once it becomes oxidized they
then ingest the LDL and transform into *foam cells*
2. Macrophages can also release growth factors that cause the migration and proliferation of
smooth muscle cells, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
foam cells
The characteristic initial lesion of atherosclerosis, also known as a fatty
streak
When do fatty streaks appear?
1. May form within the first year of life
2. May increase in numbers by the second decade of life, and remain static or regress
What happens during plaque structure?
The aggregation of the different leukocytes and smooth muscle cells in an
ECM that includes collagen and elastic fibers result in the collagen cap that
isolates cholesterol known as the fibrous plaque
fibrous plaque
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, Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
Smooth muscles cells proliferate, produce collagen and migrate over a
fatty streak
What is an unstable plaque?
A plaque that has a large lipid core and a thin cap, and can rupture more
readily, producing a thrombus
What are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis?
1. Narrowing and obstruction of blood vessels, and formation of blood
clots
2. Aneurysms
*manifestations do not become evident for 20-40 years or longer*
What is an aneurysm?
a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement (dilation) of the three
layers of the wall of an artery
What are the two causes of aneurysms?
1. Atherosclerosis; erodes and weakens the wall
2. Hypertension; increases wall stress
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