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Ch 16 Reducing Your Cancer Risk Questions and Answers Correct
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Ch 16 Reducing Your Cancer Risk
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Ch 16 Reducing Your Cancer Riskhow people reacted to cancer 50 years ago? - answer-As recently as 50 years ago, a
cancer diagnosis was typically a death sentence. Health professionals could only guess
at the cause, and treatments were often as deadly as the disease itself.
-Because we did not understand the disease process, fears about "catching cancer"
from those who had it led to ostracism and bigotry-much like people with HIV were
treated in the early days of the AIDS epidemic
what have dramatically improved the prognosis for most cancer patients? - answer-
knowledge of risks and symptoms, early detection, and significant developments in
technology and treatment have dramatically improved the prognosis for most cancer
patients, especially those who are diagnosed in the earliest stages of disease
-we have also learned that there are many actions we can take individually and as a
society to prevent cancer
what are important steps you can take yo reduce your risk of cancer? - answer-
understanding the facts about cancer
-recognizing your own risk
-taking action to reduce your risk
cancer is the _most common cause of death in the US, exceeded only by _ - answer-
cancer is the second most common cause of death in the US, exceeded only by heart
disease
how death rates of cancer have changed? - answer-although there were over 1.6 million
new cnacer diagnoses and over 577,000 deaths in 2012, the good news is that death
rates have been declining by over 2% per year in the last decades
what are key factors that have contributed to declining rates and increasing survival
rates of cancer? - answer-increased emphasis on education and awareness
-greater emphasis on prevention and early intervention
-advancements in diagnosis and treatment
-policies and programs designed to decrease environmental risks
The _have increased greatly from the 50% survival rates of past generations. today,
about _% of people diagnosed with cancer each year will be alive 5 years after their
diagnosis - answer-5-year survival rates
-67%
,5-year survival rates - answer-the percentage of people in a study or treatment group
who are alive 5 years after they were diagnosed with or treated for a disease such as
cancer
-the relative rates for survival in persons who are living 5 years after diagnosis
survival rates for people with many cancers caught in their earliest stages approach _%
- answer100%
what a "cured" patient of cancer is considered? - answerof those treated with cancer,
many will be considered "cured," meaning that they have no new cancer in their bodies
5 years after their original diagnosis and can expect to live a long and productive life
among the most amazing improvement in outlook are_(cancers) - answer-acute
lymphocytic leukemia
-Hodgkin;s disease
-Burkitt's lymphoma
-Ewing's sarcoma (a form of bone cancer)
-Wilms' tumor (a kidney cancer in children)
-testicular cancer
-osteogenic (bone) sarcoma
_% of all deaths occur on a given day are for some form of cancer - answer25%
although treatments and survival statistics have improved, nearly_of all American males
and _of American females will still develop cancer at some point in their life - answer-
1/2
-1/3
since the 1970s, survival rates have increased steadily for nearly all types of cancer.
The exception to this trend has been _. why? - answer-the exception to this trend has
been lung cancer survivorship
-Its survival rates remain both relatively steady and low, mostly likely due to the late
stage at which most lung cancer cases are detected
Cancer - answera large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and
spread of abnormal cells
unchecked, cancer cells _(what do to body?) - answerimpair vital functions of the body
and lead to death
when something interrupts normal cell _, uncontrolled growth and abnormal cellular
development results in a _ - answer-cell programming
-neoplasm
neoplasm - answera new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function and
results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development
,this neoplasmic mass often forms a clump of cells known as _ - answer-tumor
tumor - answera neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
two types of tumors - answer-malignant
-benign
malignant - answer-cancerous
-very dangerous or harmful; refers to a cancerous tumor
-malignant cancer: if the tumor spreads to other body areas
benign - answer-noncancerous
-harmless; refers to a noncancerous tumor
most tumors are _ - answerbenign
benign tumors are generally harmless unless they_ - answer-unless they grow to
obstruct or crowd out normal tissues
hen a benign tumor become life threatening? - answera benign tumor of the brain, for
instance, becomes life threatening when it grows enough to restrict blood flow and
cause a stroke
The only way to determine whether a tumor is malignant is through _ - answerbiopsy
biopsy - answer-removal and examination of a tissue sample to determine if a cancer is
present
-removal and microscopic examination of a sample of cells
structure of benign tumors - answer-benign tumors generally consist of ordinary-looking
cells enclosed in a fibrous shell or capsule that prevents their spreading to other body
areas
structure of malignant tumors - answer-malignant tumors are usually not enclosed in a
protective capsule and can therefore spread to other organs. This process is called
metastasis
metastasis - answerprocess by which cancer spread form one area to different areas of
the body
metastasis process by malignant tumor make some forms of cancer particularly_ -
answer-aggressive in their ability to overwhelm bodily defenses
, by the time malignant tumors are diagnosed, malignant tumors have frequently_ -
answermalignant tumors have frequently metastasized throughout the body, making
treatment extremely difficult
how benign and malignant tumors are different from each other in how they spread? -
answer-unlike benign tumors, which merely expand to take over a given space,
malignant cells invade surrounding tissue, emitting clawlike protrusions that disturb the
RNA and DNA within normal cells
the disturption of DNA and RNA within normal cells by malignant cells, produces what
kind of cells? - answer-disrupting these substances, which control metabolism and
reproduction, produces mutant cells that differ in form, quality, and function from normal
cells
mutant cells - answer-cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells
what does it mean for a tumor to be malignant? (how determine if tumor is malignant?) -
answer-a malignant tumor is one whose cells are cancerous
-malignant tumors are generally more dangerous than benign tumors because cancer
cells divide quickly and can spread, or metastasize, from the original tumor to other
parts of the body
-Physicians usually order biopsies of tumors, in which sample cells are taken from the
tumor and studied under a microscope to determine whether they are cancerous. Newer
techniques, such as the minimally invasive "optical biopsy" allow microscopic
examination of tissue without doing a physical biopsy
steps of metastasis - answer1. Genetically altered skin cells
2. Cell divides more rapidly than normal
3. cells change form
4. In situ cancer: Cells stay in one place
5. Malignant tumor (cancer): cancer cells invade normal tissue and enter blood and
lymph; metastases form at the distant sites
what causes a cancerous tumor? - answera mutation to the genetic material of a skin
cell triggers abnormal cell division and changes cell formation, resulting in a cancerous
tumor
situ cancer - answer-if the tumor remains localized
-cells stay in one place
cancer staging - answer-a classification system that describes how far a person's
disease has advanced -A numerical system with five stages is used to classify how far
cancer has advanced within the body.
usually either through surgery or clinical or pathological analysis, it is possible to
determine_(what about the cancer and how related to cancer staging) - answer-to
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