CGFM EXAM 3 2024 WITH ACTUAL
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What is the difference between economy and efficiency?
a. there is no difference; the two terms may be used interchangeably
b. Economy is a resource-usage concept, and efficiency relates to the extent to which predetermined
goals are achieved
c. Economy relates to the quality of outputs, and efficiency relates to the quantity of outputs
d. Both are least-cost notions, but economy relates to the acquisition of resources and efficiency relates
to the usage of resources
d. Although the terms economy and efficiency tend to be used in the same breath, they have different
meanings. Economy is concerned with acquiring resource at the least cost commensurate with needs,
and efficiency is concerned with using resources at the least cost.
Which of the following pairs of items are needed most when an entity manages for results?
a. a statement of goals and objectives and a performance measurement system
b. a mission statement and an audited financial statement
c. a procedures manual and GAAP-based financial statements
d. an executive budget office and a legislative budget office
a. Managing for results requires both a statement of objectives and a system for measuring the extent
to which the stated objectives have been achieved. Audited financial statements and GAAP-based
statements provide assurances regarding financial measures used in performance measurement, but
they are not central to managing for results. Further, many measures of results are nonfinancial in
nature.
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,How can input indicators be expressed in performance measurement?
a. Both in financial terms (dollars) and nonfinancial terms (number of employees)
b. only in financial terms (dollars)
c. only in unit costs (that is, costs per unit of outcome)
d. only in per capita terms (such as cost per 1,000 population)
a. Program inputs can be expressed either in dollar terms (such as salaries and related fringe benefits)
or in non-financial terms (such as number of employees or number of person-days).
In performance measurement, the term "outputs" refers to:
a. the number of staff persons assigned to a program
b. the cost per unit of a program
c. the results achieved by a program
d. the physical quantity of services provided by a program
d. in performance measurement, the term "outputs" relates to the physical quantity of services
provided. Answer (a) is an example of inputs. Answer (b) is an efficiency indicator. Answer (c) refers to
outcomes.
Considering performance measurement at all three levels of government, which of the following pairs of
words best define the term "outcome"?
a. inputs and outputs
b. results and effects
c. activites and services
d. missions and strategies
b. The term "outcome" is used to describe the extent to which results were achieved or impacts were
made as a result of governmental programs.
In performance measurement, the crime rate (number of crimes per 1,000 residents) would generally be
considered as what kind of indicator?
a. an input indicator
b. an outcome indicator
c. an irrelevant indicator
d. an efficiency indicator
b. the crime rate is generally reported as an outcome indicator, because one of the ultimate goals
(intended results) of police enforcement programs is to reduce the crime rate
Which of the following is considered an outcome indicator?
a. the amount spent on the inspection program
b. the average cost per inspection
c. the number of inspections completed during the year
d. the absence of food-borne illnesses in the program covered by inspections
d. Outcomes relate to results achieved, and answer (d) is the only one of the four that relates to
results. Answer (a) relates to inputs, answer (b) relates to efficiency and answer (c) relates to outputs.
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,Which of the following statements is closest to an outcome?
a. The student teacher ratio was 15:1, compared with 16:1 last year.
b. Total expenditures for teachers were $14,370,000, compared with $13,920,00 last year.
c. Seventy percent of the fourth-grade students scored proficient or better on the state math exam,
compared with 72 percent last year.
d. Sixty percent of the education dollar was spent on classroom teaching, compared with 58 percent last
year
c. an outcome is a result that was achieved, at least in part, because of services provided. Among the
choices provided in this question, the only outcome or result achieved is the proficiency of the fourth-
grade students on the state math exam.
Under what circumstances are citizen surveys considered valid indicators of the quality of service
delivery?
a. They can never be considered valid indicators
b. if at least 5 percent of the citizens are surveyed
c. if an appropriate statistical sample is used
d. only if citizen names are drawn from motor vehicle records
c. citizen surveys are an acceptable means of ascertaining the quality of services performed by
governmental entities. to be valid performance measures, however, the surveys should be taken
pursuant to appropriate statistical sampling methods. A sample of at least 5% is likely to be
acceptable, but will probably be more than necessary. Using only motor vehicle records will probably
bias the sample.
Which of the following expresses performance efficiency?
a. outputs divided by outcomes
b. outcomes multiplied by outputs
c. inputs divided by outputs
d. outputs multiplied by inputs
c. One of the basic ways of measuring efficiency it to compare unit costs over time and with other
entities performing the same function. Unit costs are obtained by dividing inputs by outputs.
Which of the following statements regarding performance measures is false?
a. Performance measures can include information that will help the reader assess the agency's efficiency
b. Performance measures should be logically related to an entity's goals and objectives
c. Performance measures should emphasize inputs and outputs, but should not include outcomes
d. Performance measures should be compared with a benchmark, such as the agency's objective for the
year
c. The false answer among the four choices is C because performance measures must include
measures of outcomes. The other three answers are all correct statements regarding performance
measures.
Which of the following is NOT a basic purpose of providing explanatory information in performance
reporting?
a. to explain why the information was not audited
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, b. to explain why the entity did not meet performance goals
c. to explain factors within the entity's control that might have affected its performance
d. to explain factors outside the entity's control that might have affected its performance
a. Answers b-d are all reasons why explanatory information is provided in performance reporting. All
are reasons why performance did not meet expectations or was not at the same level as in the past or
at the level experienced by other jurisdictions. Answer a does not relate to performance; instead, it
relates to the administration of the performance reporting system.
When an indicator is logically related to an entity's objectives, it is said to be:
a. reliable
b. relevant
c. regular
d. consistent
b. A relevant indicator is one that is logically related to an entity's objectives. When it is logically
related to an entity's objectives, the accountability implications.
if a performance measure is biased, which characteristic for selecting performance measures is violated?
a. consistency
b. understandability
c. comparability
d. reliability
d. To be reliable, performance measures need to be unbiased. Performance measures should possess
the other characteristics cited in the questions, but the term "bias" is not part of their definitions
Which of the following is a performance measure that is reported in disaggregated form?
a. one that is reported by geographical area in a city
b. one that shows results for the current and several prior years
c. one that is written in a manner that is difficult to comprehend
d. one that is reported every other year rather than annually
a. The effectiveness of many governmental services may be quite different in locations served by the
government. One school district in a county may have different results than another. Crime rates and
street cleanliness may be different uptown than downtown. therefore, to be most useful,
performance measures should be disaggregated by geographical area or by some other logical
reporting unit.
A city decides to assess the cleanliness of its streets by training college students to make observations.
What is your assessment of this approach to performance measurement?
a. It can never be valid approach
b. It can be a valid approach, provided it is done during the summer months, when students will not be
distracted by examinations
c. It can be a valid outcome indicator, provided the survey covers a representative set of streets, the
training is quality training, and the reported results are spot-checked to ensure reliability
d. It can be a valid indicator, but only if the students are accompanied by members of the street-
cleaning
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