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CLTM EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
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CLTM EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
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CLTM STUDY EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERSBAEP / R - ✔✔Brainstem auditory evoked potential / response
-Diagnosis for cerbellopontine angle tumors, mutliple sclerosis, brainstem lesions, metabolic and
toxic encephalopathies,brain death, and early prediction of outcome in postraumatic coma,
Kindling - ✔✔Development of epileptic seizures (in rats) that results from repeated focal
stimulation and leads to the development of a predisposition to epileptiform convulsions. Similar
to a log will not burn unless it's kindled.
Mirror Focus Phenomenon - ✔✔Concept that an actively discharging epileptiform region may
induce paroxymal behavior in a homologous site. Related to the kindling phenomena that occur
through interhemispheric callosal or commissural connections. It means that secondary
epileptogenic foci develop in the contralateral hemispheric by the corpus collusum
Aura - ✔✔Initial sensation(s) of a seizure that the patient is aware of in the absence of observable
signs. Provides localizing information in some cases. Precedes temporal lobe seizures in many
cases
The Principle of Beneficence - ✔✔An ethical principle that addresses the idea that a medical
professional's actions should promote good by having the welfare of the patient as a goal of any
treatment. Actions should weigh possible benefits to risks and prevent and remove harm in any
situation and should advocate for high standards for the greater good.
QEEG - ✔✔Type of EEG that allows visualization of up to several hours of EEG data in a single
screen display. Commonly referred to as a trend analysis. This type of EEG trending for seizure
detection is based on amplitude, frequency, rhythmicity and degree of asymmetry.
Coup - ✔✔Closed head injury / whiplash. The injury is when brain are damage is on the same side
as the external force of the injury
Contra Coup - ✔✔Brain injury is contralateral to the external force of injury. The brain moves
away from the external object along with the head, but the brain eventually impacts the side of the
skull, causing damage
,A deficit in one visual field indicates a lesion in the: - ✔✔Contralateral occipital lobe (or optic
pathway posterior to the optic chiasm
According to guideline 12, the clinical indications for ambulatory continuous EEG recordings -
✔✔Appropriate for documentation and quantification of ictal (clinical and subclinical) and
interictal EEG features and assessment of their relationship to reported behavior. It is also
applicable in an inpatient setting, particularly when characterization of EEG features as is required
in presurgical evaluation
Loss of pupillary reflexes indicates: - ✔✔Loss of brainstem fuction
Occulocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to the side and the
eyes do not follow the head movement, but lag or remain as if fixed on an object. This indicates: -
✔✔The reflex is positive, brainstem function is present
Oculocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to the side and the
eyes stay in the same position relative to the head as they would in a conscious patient. This
indicates: - ✔✔The reflex is absent, brainstem function is impaired
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces a beating nystagmus toward
the stimulated ear. This indicates: - ✔✔The reflex is positive, brainstem function (pons, medulla)
is present
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces no eye movement. This
indicates: - ✔✔The reflex is absent, brainstem function (pon, medulla) is impaired
The babinski sign or plantar response consists of: - ✔✔Upgoing big toe and/or fanning of all toes
when the sole of the foot is stroked with a blunt object from heel towards toes
To be considered oriented x3, what questions does the patient need to be able to answer - ✔✔Who
they are, where they are, and the current date
,4 aspects of the neurological exam that help to determine brain death: - ✔✔1. Pupillary reflexes
(fixed and dilated), 2. Cold caloric testing (Absent) 3. Oculocephalic reflexes (absent) 4. Response
to painful stimuli (absent, not counting spinal reflexes)
In decerebrate posturing, the arms will: - ✔✔Stiffen and extend at the patient's side, wrists will
flex
In decorticate posturing, the arms will - ✔✔flex over the chest and rotate inward
Stereognosis - ✔✔Ability to recognize objects by touch
Graphesthesia - ✔✔Ability to recognize numbers and letters written on skin by the sensation of
touch
AED treatment options for absence seizures - ✔✔First line: Ethosuximide (Brand name: Zarontin),
Methsuxmide (brand name: Celontin)
First line AED treatment option for infantile spasms: - ✔✔ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
First line AED treatment options for partial seizures - ✔✔First line: 1. Carbamezipine (Brand
name: Carbatrol/Epitol/Equetro) 2. Gabapentin (Brand name:Neurontin, Gralise) 3. Lacosamide
(Brand name: Vimpat)
First line AED treatment option for generalized tonic-clonic seizures are: - ✔✔Carbamezipine
(Brand: Epitol, Tegretol), Ehtotoin (Brand: Peganone), Phenytoin (Brand:Dilantin), Primidone
(Brand: Mysoline)
Types of seizures is the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: - ✔✔Phenobarbital
, Types of seizures the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: - ✔✔Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome
One of the first and oldest seizure drugs, still used in the treatment of epilepsy, and is a long-acting
sedative drug with anticonvulsant action - ✔✔Phenobarbital
Type of seizure the AED, Oxcarbazepine (Brand names: Trileptal, Oxtellar XR), used to treat: -
✔✔AED types for Focal (Partia) seizures
First line AED treatment option for Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: - ✔✔Valproic Acid
AED used for treating seizures that occur in the temporal lobe - ✔✔Carbamezipine (Brand names:
Carbatrol/Tegretol/Epitol/Equestro)
Indications for Corpus Callosotomy - ✔✔Refractory generalized seizures (tonic, clonic, atonic),
resistance to AED therapy, and cognitive decline. Infantile hemiplegia and frontal lobe epilepsy,
Rasmussen syndrome. Primary indications have been drop attacks (tonic, atonic) and in treatment
of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
EEG changes associated with normal aging - ✔✔Slowing of dominant rhythm, increase in
temporal slowing, bursts of generalized rhythmic delta activity during drowsiness, diffuse lower
voltage
The amplitude of the PDR generally decreases with age due to:
A. Net balance of voltage shift = 0; as the frontal region of cortex increases in voltage with age,
the posterior region decreases in voltage
B. Increase attenuation due to an alteration in factors between the brain and scalp, such as bone
density and electrical impedance
C. The PDR amplitude does not generally decrease with age.
D. Decreased voltage generated by the cortex due to age related degenerative factors -
✔✔Decreased voltage generated by the cortex due to age related degenerative factors
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