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GIS review, Exam 2- Chapter 3, GIS, GIS Exam 1 and 2, GIS // Midterm,
Geospacial Technology Chapter 1-3, Geospatial, ArcGIS - ESRI, GIS Test one,
Geodesy - Week 4 - ESRI Online Course, Geospatial Test 1, GeoScience Final,
Geospatial Data and Technology 2024/2025
Define geospatial data. - Answer✔✔-The data that describes both the LOCATION and CHARACTERISTICS
of spatial features (such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth's surface.)
What is GIS? - Answer✔✔-Geographic Information Systems is a computer system for capturing, storing,
querying, analyzing and displaying geospatial data.
Define geometries and attributes as the two components of GIS data. - Answer✔✔-Geometric data
describe the locations of spatial features, which may be discrete or
continuous.
Attribute data describe the characteristics of spatial features.
Explain the difference between vector data and raster data. - Answer✔✔-Vector data use points and
their x-, y-coordinates to represent spatial features of
points, lines, and areas.
Raster data use a grid and grid cells to represent the spatial variation of a feature (such as elevation or
precipitation.)
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Vector Data Model: Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based
data model. - Answer✔✔-The georelational data model uses a split system to store spatial data and
attribute data.
The object-based data model stores spatial data and attribute data in a single system.
Name two tools or techniques for vector data analysis. - Answer✔✔-Tools for vector data analysis
include buffering, overlay, distance measurement, spatial statistics, and map manipulation.
raster data analysis. - Answer✔✔-includes local, neighborhood, zonal, and global operations.
What is Topology? - Answer✔✔-It expresses the spatial relationships between features,
What is TIN? - Answer✔✔-Triangulated Irregular Network.
Describe the 3 levels of approximation of the shape and size of the Earth
for GIS applications. - Answer✔✔-SPHERE, SPHEROID/ELLIPSOID, GEOID
What is datum? - Answer✔✔-A mathematical model of the Earth, which serves as the reference base for
calculating the geographic coordinates of a location.
Define Projection. - Answer✔✔-The process of transforming from a geographic coordinate system to a
projected coordinate system. Can also be reprojected onto another coordinate system.
Define Relational Database. - Answer✔✔-A collection of tables in which tables are connected by keys.
Define Geographic coordinate system. - Answer✔✔-The location reference system for spatial features on
the Earth's surface using latitude and longitude.
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Explain the importance of map projection. - Answer✔✔-First, a map projection allows us to use 2
dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection allows us to work
with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with
geographic coordinates are more complex and
yield less accurate distance measurements.
Describe the 4 types of map projections by the preserved property. - Answer✔✔-A Conformal projection
preserves local angles and shapes.
An Equivalent projection represents areas in correct relative size.
An Equidistant projection maintains consistency of scale along certain lines.
An Azimuthal projection retains certain
accurate directions.
Describe the 3 types of map projections by the projection or developable surface. - Answer✔✔-A
cylindrical projection uses a cylinder as the projection or developable surface
A conic projection uses a cone
An azimuthal projection uses a plane.
Explain the difference between the standard line and the central line. - Answer✔✔-A standard line refers
to the line of tangency between the projection surface and the reference globe. In other words, there is
no projection distortion along a standard line.
The central lines (i.e., the central parallel and meridian) define the center of a map projection.
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How is the scale factor related to the principal scale? - Answer✔✔-The scale factor is defined as the ratio
of the local scale to the principal scale. In other words, the scale factor is the normalized local scale. Will
be 1 along the standard line and more distorted away from the line.
Name two commonly used projected coordinate systems that are based on the
transverse Mercator projection. - Answer✔✔-Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system State
Plane Coordinate (SPC) system.
Explain how a UTM zone is defined in terms of its central meridian, standard meridian, and scale factor. -
Answer✔✔-A UTM zone is mapped onto a secant case transverse Mercator projection, with a scale
factor of 0.9996 at the central meridian. The standard meridians are 180 kilometers to the east and west
of the central meridian.
Explain the UTM coordinate system - Answer✔✔-...This system is a specialized application of the
transverse Mercator projection which is both cylindrical and conformal. It divides the world into 60
numbered zones, both north and south, separated by the equator. Each zone spans six degrees of
longitude and has its own central meridian. This system was adopted by the US Army Map Service in
1947 for their use in worldwide mapping and continues to be used worldwide. Florida falls into UTM
zones 16 and 17.
When using the UTM system, linear parameters are established. The origin of each UTM zone is the
intersection of its central meridian and the equator, and the parameters are applied to this origin to
make it convenient to work with making all x and y values positive, or reducing their range. The first
parameter is the false easting - a linear value applied to the origin of the x-coordinates - or the central
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