The core symptoms of ADHD are linked to what area of the brain? - correct answer prefrontal cortex
Selective attention is due to what area of the PFC malfunctioning? - correct answer dorsal ACC (anterior cingulate cortex)
sustained attention and problem solving linked to what area of the brai...
Exam 4 Nurse 660 questions answered 100% correct!!
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The core symptoms of ADHD are linked to what area of the brain? - correct
answer ✔ prefrontal cortex
Selective attention is due to what area of the PFC malfunctioning? - correct
answer ✔ dorsal ACC (anterior cingulate cortex)
sustained attention and problem solving linked to what area of the brain? -
correct answer ✔ DLPFC
hyperactivity is linked to what area of the brain? - correct answer ✔ prefrontal
motor cortex
what test assessing sustained attention? - correct answer ✔ N-back test
where is sustained attention modulated in brain? - correct answer ✔ CSTC loop in
the DLPFC
insufficient activation in the DLPFC can cause inattention
"sustaiNed attention- N back"
what test assesses selective attention? - correct answer ✔ Stroop test
"Selective, Stroop, Cingulate"
where in the brain is selective attention modulated? - correct answer ✔ the CSTC
loop, Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
issues with sustained attention are: - correct answer ✔ difficulty completing tasks
disorganization
trouble sustaining mental effort
issues with selective attention are: - correct answer ✔ difficulty with detail
carless mistakes
not listening
losing things
being distracted
forgetting things
what part of the brain modulates impulsitivity? - correct answer ✔ orbitofrontal
cortex
what symptoms of impulsitivity are observed? - correct answer ✔ talking
excessively
blurting things out
not waiting ones turn
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interrupting
what part of the brain modulates hyperactivity? - correct answer ✔ prefrontal
cortex
what are some key observations in the prefrontal cortex as it relates to ADHD? -
correct answer ✔ orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-- impulsivity and hyperactivity
DLPFC/DaCC-- sustained/selective attention issues
how do NE and DA amounts manifest in relation to fatigue/anxiety? - correct
answer ✔ too little NE and DA = fatigue
too much = anxiety
what two receptors in the PRC are thought to be involved with ADHD treatment?
- correct answer ✔ alpha 2 a
D1
how does ADHD affect NE and DA levels? - correct answer ✔ NE levels low, signal
reduced
DA levels low, noise increased
results in: fidget and inattention
how should you treat NE and DA in adhd? - correct answer ✔ increase NE
Increase DA
what receptors does NE stimulate in the postsynapse? - correct answer ✔ alpha 2
a; even better effect when beta1 receptors also stimulated
what effect does DA have on receptors and what does this cause? - correct
answer ✔ decreases the noise and prevents inappropriate connections from
taking place through stimulating D1 receptors
what effect does NE have on receptors and what does this cause? - correct
answer ✔ increases the incoming signal and allows for increase connections
between prefrontal networks through stimulation of alpha 2A receptors
what effect do slow dose stimulants have? - correct answer ✔ amplify tonic NE
and DA signals
block DAT in nucleus accumbens
why do slow dose stimulants have less abuse potential? - correct answer ✔ they
dont occupy DAT too quickly or extensively, which is thought to reduce abuse
potential
what is salience provoked phasic firing? - correct answer ✔ - bursts of DA release
this can reinforce learning and reward conditioning which can lead to motivation
to pursue rewarding experiences (education, career development)
Can also lead to drug abuse....
how do pulsatile stimulants affect NE and DA? - correct answer ✔ rapid increase
in both
can lead to feelings of euphoria and abuse
ex: methylphenidate and amphetamine
what is a big factor in if stimulants are abused? - correct answer ✔ route and
dose
what stimulant is a competitive inhibitor of DAT and NET? - correct answer ✔
amphetamine
are both methylphenidate and amphetamine taken into the DA terminal? -
correct answer ✔ no, only amphetamine
this is bc amphetamine and VMAT
what happens when amphetamine is taken in to the terminal? - correct answer ✔
can go into the vesicle and displace DA; this can lead to a fast release of DA which
causes euphoric (and abuse causing)
what is the MOA of methylphenidate on DA neurons? - correct answer ✔ works
on DAT similarly to SSRI
(blocks reuptake of DA into terminal)
this leads to more DA availability
-- not taken into the terminal itself
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