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NROB60 FINAL NOTES UPDATED 2024

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NROB60 FINAL NOTES UPDATED 2024 properties of the action potential - Answer-rising phase overshoot falling phase undershoot What happens when the current reaches threshold? - Answer-generate APs at a low rate What happens when current increase? - Answer-rate of AP generation increases incre...

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  • October 6, 2024
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EmillyCharlotte
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FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024




NROB60 FINAL NOTES UPDATED
2024

properties of the action potential - Answer✔✔-rising phase


overshoot


falling phase


undershoot


What happens when the current reaches threshold? - Answer✔✔-generate APs at a low rate


What happens when current increase? - Answer✔✔-rate of AP generation increases




increases the frequency of AP (all or none situation)


What does the firing frequency of APs reflect? - Answer✔✔-the magnitude of the DEPOLARIZING current




(since hyperpolarizing would not allow threshold to be reached)


What is one way stimulation intensity is encoded? - Answer✔✔-firing frequency


What causes ionic changes? - Answer✔✔-depolarization causes increase in Na permeability by opening

gates in pores or ion channels


hyperpolarization - Answer✔✔-more negative

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,EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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depolarization - Answer✔✔-more positive


what kind of current does the firing frequency reflect? - Answer✔✔-depolarizing current


(hyper polarization would not allow threshold to be reached)


How can you flip the membrane potential? - Answer✔✔-by changing the relative ionic permeability of

the membrane




rising phase --> have inward Na+ current




falling phase --> has outward K+ current




AP occurs during sudden shift in membrane properties


How does the permeability of the membrane change for AP? - Answer✔✔-membrane changes from K

permeability to Na permeability to K permeability


how are interneurons depolarized? - Answer✔✔-entry of Na+ through channels that are sensitive to NT

released by other neurons


What are the two types of channels? - Answer✔✔-voltage gated


ligand gated


Voltage gated channels - Answer✔✔-depends on a change in voltage in order to open and close



Page 2/56

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FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024


ligand gated channels - Answer✔✔-ex. needs a neurotransmitter in order to open/close


When is an AP generated? - Answer✔✔-if the depolarizing stimulus passes the threshol


Resting potential - Answer✔✔-only leak potassium channels are open (these are constantly in an open

state)


Rising Phase - Answer✔✔-more and more sodium channels open (driving force of sodium ions rushing

in)




entry of Na+ (usually because Na+ channels are sensitive to membrane stretching)




sodium influx


Overshoot phase - Answer✔✔-most positive state




two processes occur simultaneously:


- sodium gates begin to close


- K channels begin to open (these channels differ from leak potassium channels)




because the relative permeability of the membrane favours Na --> membrane potential approached Ena

which is GREATER than 0 mV



Page 3/56

, EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024


Falling phase - Answer✔✔-activation of voltage gated potassium channels are AT MAXIMUM




Na channels are mostly al closed




Potassium efflux


Undershoot phase - Answer✔✔-hyperpolarization occurs




membrane potential returns to normal




potassium channels (not LEAK ONES) close




little Na permeability and membrane approached Ek --> causes hyperpolarization relative to RMP until

the VG K channels close again


Which channel opens and closes faster? - Answer✔✔-Na


Structure of voltage gated sodium channel - Answer✔✔-one single long peptide with 4 distinct domains


what does one domain of voltage gated sodium channel have? - Answer✔✔-6 transmembrane alpha

helices




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