NR 503 HEALTH, EPIDEMIOLOGY & STATS ACTUAL EXAM
LATEST 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS/ALREADY GRADED A++
The nurse practitioner is reviewing a recent study that utilizes analytic
epidemiology by means of a cohort study design. The cohort study design
informs the practitioner about which of the following -ANSWER Outcomes
that develop from an exposure
A group of providers have implemented population-based intervention and
are now assessing the efficacy of the intervention. Which of the following
would be an example of a population based outcome? -ANSWER
Decreased mortality rate compared to previous year
Appraisal of research publications is critical as providers assess for
relevance to population health. Which of the following items should be
considered during the appraisal process? Select all that apply. -ANSWER
Outcome measure, Transparency, Internal Validity
What is being compared in a cohort study design? -ANSWER The
incidence of a disease between exposed and non-exposed individuals
Analytic epidemiology is best described as: -ANSWER Studies that
investigate origins and casuals' factors of health-related events
You are part of a research group investigating association between
exposure and disease. Which study design is a best fit for this type of
study: -ANSWER Case-Control Study
The provider is concerned about what appears to be an increase in the
mortality rate for their community. Mortality is an example of which of the
following: -ANSWER Vital statistic
An example of a tertiary prevention measure for chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease is: -ANSWER Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Which of the following statements best describe efficacy? -ANSWER It is
an estimate of the benefit of treatment under ideal conditions
It is an estimate of the reduction of disease in treated groups
,A study is conducted for a pharmaceutical agent that has shown promise
for reducing heart disease among women. In order to more fully test the
agent, an additional study is done restricting the participants to be
randomized to those who have a history of hypertension. Which of the
following advantages cannot be claimed by the researchers? -ANSWER
The generalizability of the study is increased
What is the main advantage of the randomization of the 168 study
participants to one of the two drug treatment groups? -ANSWER Reduces
selection bias
After entry into the study, patients were first classified into three groups,
those who had a previous AMI, those with a first AMI who were at high risk
for other cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure, and
those with a first AMI who were at low risk for other cardiovascular
diseases. Which term best describes the study design? -ANSWER
Randomized clinical trial with stratified randomization
After assignment to treatment group, 77% of those in the placebo group
were men, while 80% of those in the drug X group were men. Which
statement is most likely to be true? -ANSWER Randomization was
successful since the investigators did not alter the selection of participants
in either group in order to ensure equal percentages of men
A preliminary analysis was conducted after 6 months and found that 87% of
participants in the placebo group and 85% of those in the drug X group had
taken more than 90% of their prescribed dosages. Which statement best
describes this finding? -ANSWER The characteristics of patients who failed
to comply with the treatment dosages should be assessed as they may
differ from those who complied
Which of the following statements best describes the reason for conducting
the study as a double-blind trial? -ANSWER Double blinding ensures that
potential biases regarding selection, follow-up, and analysis can be
reduced
The following data come from a study of approaches to smoking cessation.
Smokers who want to quit were randomized to one of four groups: control
brochures and a monthly phone call from a counselor. Participants received
,mailed surveys at 8, 16, and 24 months after randomization. The results
after 2 years are in the table below. Which group had the least success in
terms of quitting smoking? -ANSWER Group QS
The following data come from a study of approaches to smoking cessation.
Smokers who want to quit were randomized to one of four groups: control
group C who received no intervention assistance, quitting guide group Q
who received brochures about how to quit smoking, quitting guide and
support group QS who received quitting brochures as well as social support
brochures listing benefits of smoking cessation, and telephone support
group T who received the brochures and a monthly phone call from a
counselor. Participants received mailed surveys at 8, 16, and 24 months
after randomization. The results after 2 years are in the table below. What
is the main purpose of randomization in this study? -ANSWER To avoid
assigning more persons who have tried and failed to quit in the past to the
control group
Test A has a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 90%. Test B has a
sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 98%. In a community of 10,000
people with 5% prevalence of the disease, Test A has always been given
before Test B. What is the best reason for changing the order of the tests?
-ANSWER The total number of false positives found by both tests is
decreased if Test B is given first
This table represents the results of coronary magnetic resonance (CMR)
angiography compared to x-ray angiography (the gold standard in
diagnosis of coronary artery disease) in a high-risk population of patients
scheduled to undergo x-ray angiography for suspected coronary artery
disease.After reviewing the results of the test comparison, an
epidemiologist decides that the specificity of the test is too low. Using the
same CMR images, he raises the cutoff value for a positive test to increase
the specificity. What is the likely effect on the sensitivity? -ANSWER
Sensitivity will decrease
In comparing the mammography readings of two technicians who
evaluated the same set of 600 mammograms for presence of breast cancer
from a generally representative sample of women from the population -
ANSWER Overall percent agreement calculated for both readers may
conceal significant disagreements regarding positive tests
, A researcher is interested in the etiology of cervical cancer among women
between 18 and 35 years of age. Her hypothesis concerns the influence of
sexually transmitted diseases such as human papilloma virus (HPV) and
subsequent development of cancer. What is the best study approach to
address this hypothesis? -ANSWER Case-control study of women 18 to 35
years of age identified with cervical cancer in the hospital (cases)
compared to women admitted for other diseases (control)
Suppose that one third of all cervical cancer cases were smokers as were
one third of all controls and smoking status is independent of HPV
infection. Is smoking a potential confounder in this study? -ANSWER No,
the chance of being a smoker among women with cervical cancer is the
same as that of being a smoker among women without cervical cancer
A case-control study was conducted to determine if an association exists
between workers in uranium mines and loss of fertility due to reduced
sperm count. A group of 200 men with low sperm count were identified
from clinics located in areas with uranium mines. Each selected case was
matched with a randomly selected male control on the following factors:
race, age, area of residence, and smoking status. What is the purpose of
matching? -ANSWER Previous studies have shown that there are racial
differences in low sperm count
In a country with a population of 16 million people, 175,000 deaths
occurred during the year ending December 31, 2005. These included
45,000 deaths from tuberculosis (TB) in 135,000 persons who were sick
with TB. Assume that the population remained constant throughout the
year. Not all 135,000 cases of TB were contracted during 2005. Which of
the following statements is true? -ANSWER Since the duration of TB can
be longer than 1 year, neither disease incidence nor prevalence can be
validly estimated by mortality indicators.
Which of the following statements pertains to relative survival? -ANSWER
Relative survival is close to observed survival rate when there are few
competing causes of death. This occurs primarily in younger age groups
who are less likely to experience mortality events compared to older age
groups.
Before reporting the results of this survival analysis, the investigators
compared baseline characteristics of the 38 people who withdrew from the
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