Net primary productivity - correct answer ✔✔calculated by subtracting respiratory losses (R) from gross
primary productivity (GPP).
NPP = GPP - R
Gross secondary productivity (GSP) - correct answer ✔✔the total energy or biomass assimilated by
consumers and is calculated by subtracting the mass of fecal loss from the mass of food consumed
GSP = food eaten - fecal loss
Net secondary productivity (NSP) - correct answer ✔✔calculated by subtracting respiratory losses (R)
from GSP.
NSP = GSP - R
CBR (crude birth rate) - correct answer ✔✔= no of births / population size x1000
CDR (crude death rate) - correct answer ✔✔=# of deaths / population size x 1000
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