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PCOL 440 Exam 1 Questions With Verified Solution
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PCOL 440 Exam 1 Questions With Verified SolutionShrinkflation
The corporate practice of reducing the size of a product while maintaining its current
price.
Skimpflation:
This is when a manufacturer reformulates a product using less if the expensive
components and sometimes substitutes less expensive ingredients. In other words,
some products actually get watered down.
Plagarism:
Passing off somebody else's work or ideas as if they were one's own. The word,
recorded from the early 17th century, comes from Latin plagiarius 'kidnapping' Rep.
Mayra Flores (Tex.)is Running to Win Back Her House Seat. Using reverse image search
and Mayra Flores social media posts, multiple users found deception, and worse.
Unsophisticated Deception
Concealment/Deception in Practice
Example: In this case the "walking stick" is a product of natural selection and the
underlying causal mechanism is genetic.
Example: Praying mantis - threat display
Sophisticated Deception Requires a
,Theory of Mind
- An understanding of others and differences.
- To know what others may or may not know
- To know how one's actions will be interpreted.
- To understand what impression that one's actions may leave on others.
sophisticated deception or unsophisticated deception rare in the animal kingdom?
sophisticated deception
Examples:
octopuses
corvids
humans
Lying -
a false statement made with deliberate intent to deceive. Often strong social sanctions
against this approach
Paltering -
misleading & drawing one to the wrong conclusion without lying outright. Saying things
that are technically not untrue. Misleading by telling the truth
Parent: "Did you finish your homework?
Offspring: "I did my report on the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic
,Implicature-
deals with what a sentence means rather than states literally. "They are not the most
responsible parents I know."
Self-Regarding Signals-
when humans communicate, we are often saying more about ourselves than the topic. In
social situations, why do we tell the stores that we do?
Other Weasel Wording-
somewhere between literal meaning and implicature where claims are made, but no
responsibility for the claim is taken.
Examples: "People are saying." "Mistakes were made." "Thoughts and prayers"
Just Asking Questions -
- Framing a belief or an agenda as a question in an intellectually dishonest manner while
maintaining social politeness. Leading the audience with a question
"Did that school shooting really happen? How do we know for sure?"
Straw man -
an intentionally misrepresented proposition that is set up because it is easier to defeat
than an opponent's real argument
Bullshit/Humbug -
short of lying, a deliberate misrepresentation of one's thoughts, feelings and attitudes
, Examples:
- Paltering
- Implicature
- Self-Regarding Signals
- Other Weasel Wording
What do lying and bullshit/humbug share in common?
- Both are deliberate intentions to deceive
- Both are misrepresentations.
What is the difference between lying and bullshit/humbug?
A lie involves a purposive attempt to introduce a known falsehood into a given set or
system of beliefs for the purpose of avoiding the consequence of the truth having
occupied that place. The Liar is inevitably preoccupied with the question of truth values.
Liars and Truth-tellers are 2 sides of the same coin in some ways – each responds to
facts as they understand them, although one is guided by the authority of truth and the
other defies that authority. Whereas the spewer of BS ignores these demands entirely,
he is disconnected from a concern of the truth and therefore is not constrained by truth
"Bullshitting your way through"- suggests what?
the existence of complete programs of Bullshit.
Who said: "A Lie Is Halfway Around The World Before The Truth Has Even Got Its Boots
On."
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