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NU 545 Unit 3 With Questions And 100% Correct Answers Latest Update 100% Pass Guaranteed
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NU 545 Unit 3 With Questions And 100% Correct Answers LatestUpdate 100% Pass Guaranteed
know which of the hormones are water-soluble and which are lipid-soluble - ANSWER
water soluble:
peptides- GH, insulin, leptin, PTH, prolactin
glycoproteins- FSH, LH, TSH
polypeptides: adrenocorticotropic hormone, ADH, calcitonin, endorphins, glucagon,
hypothalamic hormones, lipotropins, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, oxytocin,
somatostatin, thymosin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone
amines: Epi, Norepi
lipid soluble:
Thyroxine: T3 and T4
steroids: Estrogen, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, progestin, testosterone (all
steroids are cholesterol based)
derivatives of arachidonic acid (autocrine or paracrine action):
Leukotrienes, Prostacyclins, prostaglandins, thromboxanes
How are water-soluble hormones transported? Water-soluble hormones are proteins
that are polarized with a high molecular weight. Unable to diffuse across the lipid cell
plasma membrane, they must interact or bind with receptors in or on the cell membrane
to activate a second-messenger to mediate short-acting responses.
How are lipid-soluble hormones transported? - ANSWER Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse
freely across the cell and nuclear membrane and bind with cytosolic or nuclear
receptors. (can also bind with receptors in or on the plasma membrane)
know how protein hormones are transported in the blood - ANSWER peptide or protein
hormones are water-soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms
,why are the half-life of water soluble hormones relatively short? ANSWER due to
catabolism by circulating enzymes. Remember they are unbound.
For how long can lipid-soluble hormones exist in the bloodstream? ANSWER For hours
to days. They persist longer in the blood because they become bound to
carrier/transport proteins.
what can only free hormones do? ANSWER elicit changes within a target cell
How does the amount of binding proteins affect the concentration of free hormones in
plasma? ANSWER since there is an equilibrium between the concentration of free
hormones and hormones bound to plasma proteins.
What are the major functions of the hormone receptor of the target cell? ANSWER 1. To
recognize and have a high affinity for their particular hormone
2. To produce a signal to intracellular effectors
*when a hormone is released into the circulatory system it is distributed throughout the
body, but only those cells with appropriate hormone receptors for that hormone are
affected.
what is oxytocin? - ANS a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is implicated in behavior
responses, especially in women. Oxytocin plays a role in brain responsiveness to
stressful stimuli, especially in the pregnant and postpartum states.
How does oxytocin relate to the pituitary gland? - ANS the posterior pituitary stores and
secretes oxytocin.
Once synthesized, oxytocin is packaged in secretory vesicles along with its neurophysin
and moved down the axons of the pituitary stalk to the pars nervosa for storage.
What do cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmitters mediate the release of? -
ANSWER the major stimulus for release is glutamate.
, What and where does oxytocin secrete and what is its effects? - ANSWER it is secreted
from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the uterus and milk
ejection in lactating women, but its role in males is not as well understood, although it
may have some effect on sperm motility. Oxytocin is secreted in response to suckling, or
distention of the uterus and oxytocin stimulates contractions with a positive feedback
mechanism, where the more contractions occur the more oxytocin is secreted and so
on.
Where is ADH secreted? - ANSWER ADH is produced in the hypothalmus and secreted
by the posterior pituitary. ADH and the posterior pituitary regulate osmolality.
Where does ADH act? - ANSWER ADH acts on vasopressin (V2) receptors of the renal
tubular cells to increase their permeability, which leads to increased water absorption
in the blood stream, increasing the concentration of urine and reducing serum
osmolality.
what stimulates the secretion of ADH? - ANSWER an increase in plasma osmolality
stimulates the osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus- the rate of ADH secretion increases
causing an increased amount of water to be absorbed by the kidneys- the plasma
osmolality returns to its set point of
How does ADH effect electrolytes? -ANSWER ADH does not directly effect electrolytes
but due to the dilutional effect of increasing water absorption, serum electrolytes may
decrease
How does the body detect volume loss in order to stimulate receptors to release ADH?
-ANSWER Baroreceptors in the L Atrium, carotid arteries, and aortic arch detect
changes in intravascular volume. Once a volume loss of 7-25% is detected, receptors
are stimulated.
What can cause secretion of ADH? -ANSWER stress, trauma, pain, exercise, nausea,
nicotine, exposure to heat, and drugs (morphine)
when does ADH secretion decrease? -ANSWER when plasma osmolality
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