Principles and Practice of Radiation
Therapy Chapter 1 Exam Questions and
Answers
Historical Perspective of Cancer - Answer-No surgical techniques or lab equipment
Had to rely on senses to determine presence of disease
Many benign conditions were considered cancer, ex. Infections
Black Bile - Answer-Belief of excessive "__________" caused cancer
1600 BC, egyptian papyri describe cancers
Thought that the disease is systemic and local treatment will only make it worse
Hippocrates - Answer-Began to classify tumors based on observation
Invention of the microscope enabled tumor classification based on cellular
characteristics
Historically thought cancer to be contagious bringing isolation to patients
Currently: Scientists able to study genetic makeup of cancer cells - Answer-Mutations
are responsible for cancer initiation
Enables earlier diagnosis of high risk individuals
Screening exams
Chemotherapy drugs designed for individual cancer
Abnormal Cellular Proliferation - Answer-Cells undergoing mitosis produce daughter
cells without a mature cell
Normally nondividing mature cells begin to proliferation
Cellular differentiation is abnormal
Genes - Answer-Cancer is a disease of the __________
Somatic cells - Answer-Non-reproductive cells
, Mutations - Answer-Cells that promote growth-force proliferation of cells
Cells that inhibit growth-allow unrestrained cellular growth
May require both types of mutations to develop malignancy
Proto-oncogenes - Answer-Normal genes-control normal growth and differentiation
Oncogenes - Answer-Cancer genes
Change occurs through point mutations, translocations and gene amplification
Anti-oncogenes - Answer-Orders cells to stop multiplying
Tumor suppressor genes, inactivation can allow malignancy to flourish
Carcinogens
Viruses
Sunlight
Radiation
Cigarette smoke (chemicals) - Answer-Mutation Occurs Due To...
5 Phases - Answer-Amount of phases in cell cycle
G0, G1, S, G2, M - Answer-Order of Cell Cycle
Mitosis (M) - Answer-Cellular division
G0
Cell Cycle - Answer-Fully functioning cell not preparing for replication
Most cells in this phase
G1
Cell Cycle - Answer-Rapid growth and active metabolism
Synthesis of RNA and proteins
Replication of DNA
Synthesis (S)
Cell Cycle - Answer-DNA replicated to ensure daugher cells have identical genetic
material
Therapy Chapter 1 Exam Questions and
Answers
Historical Perspective of Cancer - Answer-No surgical techniques or lab equipment
Had to rely on senses to determine presence of disease
Many benign conditions were considered cancer, ex. Infections
Black Bile - Answer-Belief of excessive "__________" caused cancer
1600 BC, egyptian papyri describe cancers
Thought that the disease is systemic and local treatment will only make it worse
Hippocrates - Answer-Began to classify tumors based on observation
Invention of the microscope enabled tumor classification based on cellular
characteristics
Historically thought cancer to be contagious bringing isolation to patients
Currently: Scientists able to study genetic makeup of cancer cells - Answer-Mutations
are responsible for cancer initiation
Enables earlier diagnosis of high risk individuals
Screening exams
Chemotherapy drugs designed for individual cancer
Abnormal Cellular Proliferation - Answer-Cells undergoing mitosis produce daughter
cells without a mature cell
Normally nondividing mature cells begin to proliferation
Cellular differentiation is abnormal
Genes - Answer-Cancer is a disease of the __________
Somatic cells - Answer-Non-reproductive cells
, Mutations - Answer-Cells that promote growth-force proliferation of cells
Cells that inhibit growth-allow unrestrained cellular growth
May require both types of mutations to develop malignancy
Proto-oncogenes - Answer-Normal genes-control normal growth and differentiation
Oncogenes - Answer-Cancer genes
Change occurs through point mutations, translocations and gene amplification
Anti-oncogenes - Answer-Orders cells to stop multiplying
Tumor suppressor genes, inactivation can allow malignancy to flourish
Carcinogens
Viruses
Sunlight
Radiation
Cigarette smoke (chemicals) - Answer-Mutation Occurs Due To...
5 Phases - Answer-Amount of phases in cell cycle
G0, G1, S, G2, M - Answer-Order of Cell Cycle
Mitosis (M) - Answer-Cellular division
G0
Cell Cycle - Answer-Fully functioning cell not preparing for replication
Most cells in this phase
G1
Cell Cycle - Answer-Rapid growth and active metabolism
Synthesis of RNA and proteins
Replication of DNA
Synthesis (S)
Cell Cycle - Answer-DNA replicated to ensure daugher cells have identical genetic
material
