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RNSG 1538 CELLULAR REGULATION #1 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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RNSG 1538 CELLULAR REGULATION #1 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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RNSG 1538 CELLULAR REGULATION #1EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Define Cancer - Answer-A malignant disease characterized by:
1) Abnormal Cell Proliferation (growth)
2) Tumor Formation and Invasion of Surrounding Tissue
3) Ability to Metastasize. ***Cancer involves the malfunction of genes that control
differentiation and proliferation.
2 Types of normal genes that can be affected by Mutation are: - Answer-1) Proto-
oncogenes (the genetic lock that keeps the cell in its mature functioning state). When
the lock is "unlocked" by carcinogens or viruses, genetic alterations and mutations
occur.
2) Tumor Suppressor Genes prevent cells from going through the cell cycle. Mutations
can change these genes and make them inactive.
***Mutations that change the expression of protooncogenes can cause them to function
as 3) Oncogenes
(tumor-inducing genes) that can change a normal cell to a malignant one.
Proto-oncogenes - Answer-Normal cell genes that are important regulators of normal
cell processes; PROMOTE GROWTH
Tumor-suppressor genes - Answer-SUPPRESS GROWTH
Oncogenes - Answer-TUMOR-INDUCING GENES; Mutations that change the
expression of proto-oncogenes can cause them to function as oncogenes; CAN
CHANGE A NORMAL CELL TO A MALIGNANT ONE.
Tumor-Suppressor Genes (Examples): - Answer-1)BRCA1 & 2)BRCA2 (Alterations in
these genes increase risk for breast and ovarian cancer)
3) TGF-B Receptor
4) WT-1
*Mutations in these genes can lead to OVER PROLIFERATION (growth).
Oncogenes (Examples): - Answer-1) Erb-B1, B2 (tyrosine kinase), B3 (tyrosine protein
kinase)
2) Ras (signaling)
3) CDK4 (cell division protein kinase)
Three Stage Theory of Carcinogenesis (the formation of a cancer): - Answer-1) Initiation
2) Promotion
3) Progression
,1) Initiation - Answer--Initiating Agent (carcinogen) damages the DNA of a cell (NOT
REVERSIBLE)
2) Promotion - Answer--Carcinogens are repeatedly introduced (REVERSIBLE) -
Promoting factors include agents like dietary fat, obesity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol
use. ***Changing a person's lifestyle to modify these risk factors can reduce the chance
of cancer development.
3) Progression - Answer-Last stage of cancer characterized by: -Increasing genetic
instability (Mutations)
*Invasion
*Angiogenesis
*Metastasis
*Tumor Heterogeneity
Metastasis - Answer-Spread of cancer to a distant site
What causes cancer? - Answer-1) Exposure to Physical Carcinogens
2) Exposure to Chemical Carcinogens
3) Exposure to Viruses
4) Failure of Immune Surveillance
5) Genetic Predisposition
What happens to the cell? - Answer-1) Structural Changes
2) Different Cell Metabolism
3) Cell Membrane Changes
-Loss of Surface Antigens
-Production of New Antigens
*CEA (rise after chemo may mean recurrence or spread of cancer)
*PSA (prostate cancer)
*CA 125 (ovarian cancer)
Tumor Nomenclature - Answer-1) Adenocarcinoma
2) Osteosarcoma
3) Rhabdosarcoma
4) Leukemia
5) Lymphoma
6) Multiple Myeloma
Carcinomas - Answer-Originate from embryonal ECTODERM (skin and glands) and
ENDODERM (mucous membrane linings of the respiratory tract, GI tract, and
genitourinary tract).
Sarcomas - Answer-Originate from embryonal MESODERM (connective tissue, muscle,
bone, and fat).
, Lymphomas & Leukemias - Answer-Originate from the Hematopoietic System (consists
of organs and tissues, primarily bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, & lymph nodes involved
in the production of BLOOD)
1) Adenocarcinoma - Answer-A CANCER THAT STARTS IN MUCUS-PRODUCING
GLANDULAR CELLS OF YOUR BODY; common types include breast cancer,
colorectal cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer.
2) Osteosarcoma - Answer-A type of bone CANCER THAT STARTS IN THE CELLS
THAT FORM THE BONES
3) Rhabdosarcoma - Answer-A rare type of CANCER THAT FORMS IN SOFT
TISSUES - specifically skeletal muscle tissue or sometimes hollow organs like the
bladder or uterus; can occur at any age, but MOST OFTEN AFFECTS CHILDREN.
4) Leukemia - Answer-A CANCER OF BLOOD FORMING TISSUES, hindering the
body's ability to fight infection.
5) Lymphoma - Answer-A CANCER OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
6) Multiple Myeloma - Answer-A CANCER OF PLASMA CELLS.
Diagnosis, Staging, and Treatment: - Answer-1) Tissue Biopsy
2) Staging
3) Treatment
1) Tissue Biopsy - Answer--Histologic type and grade
-Surface Markers
2) Staging - Answer-"TNM" T: describes size of tumor and spread of cancer to nearby
TISSUES. N: spread of cancer to nearby lymph NODES. M: METASTASIS (spread of
cancer to other parts of the body).
3) Treatment - Answer--Primary
-Adjuvant (given in addition to primary therapy)
-Neoadjuvant (administration of therapeutic agents before main treatment)
-Prophylactic (a preventative measure)
Goal of Therapy: - Answer-1) Cure
2) Control
3) Palliation
4) Reconstruction
Nursing Care: - Answer-1) Teach Prevention & Health Promotion
2) Teach about Diagnosis
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