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SLCC 2420 Physiology FINAL Exam Questions and Answers
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SLCC 2420 Physiology FINAL Exam Questions and Answers
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SLCC 2420 Physiology FINAL ExamQuestions and Answers
CH. ii1 iiOrganizational iilevels iiof iithe iibody ii- iiAnswers ii-Cell, iiTissue, iiOrgan, iiOrgan
iiSystem
Cell iiand iitissue iitypes ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiNeurons ii/ iiNervous iiTissue
2. iiMuscle iicells ii/ iiMuscle iiFibers
3. iiEpithelial iicells ii/ iiEpithelium
4. iiConnective iitissue
Functions iiof iithe iiorgan iisystems ii- iiAnswers ii-See iitable ii1.1
Internal iiand iiexternal iienvironments ii- iiAnswers ii-*Internal: iiImmediate iienvironment iiof
iimost iicells*
- iiIncludes iiplasma iiand iiinterstitial iifluid ii(ISF)
*External: iiExternal iiside iiof iiepithelial iibody iibarrier*
- iiIncludes iiSkin ii& iiLumens iiof iiorgans iiwith iicontact iiof iiexternal iienvironment
Body iifluid iicompartments ii- iiAnswers ii-
Homeostasis iiand iihow iiit iiis iimaintained ii- iiAnswers ii-Negative iifeedback
Negative iifeedback iiand iipositive iifeedback ii- iiAnswers ii-*Negative* ii= iiMain
iimechanism iiused iito iimaintain iihomeostasis.
Acts iiopposite iiof iivariable iito iireturn iibody iito iihomeostasis.
*Positive* ii= iiResponse iiin iithe iisame iidirection iias iichange ii(Moves iivariable iifurther
iiaway iifrom iinormal iiset iipoint iivalue)
Components iiof iia iifeedback iiloop ii- iiAnswers ii-Sensors ii-> iiIntegrating iiCenter ii->
iiEffectors
CH. ii2 iiNonpolar iiand iipolar iicovalent iibonds, iihydrogen iibonds, iiionic iibonds ii- iiAnswers
ii-*Nonpolar* ii= iiElectronegativity iiof iithe iiatoms iiare iiequal
*Polar* ii= iiPair iiof iielectrons iiis iiunequally iishared iibetween iitwo iiatoms.
*Hydrogen* ii= iiA iiweak iibond iiresulting iifrom iian iielectrostatic iiattraction iibetween iia
iiproton iiin iione iimolecule iiand iian iielectronegative iiatom iiin iithe iiother.
*Ionic* ii= iiComplete iitransfer iiof iivalence iielectrons iibetween iiatoms. iiGenerates ii2
iioppositely iicharged iiions. iiThe iimetal iiloses iielectrons iito iibecome iia iipositively
,iicharged iication, iiwhereas iithe iinonmetal iiaccepts iithose iielectrons iito iibecome iia
iinegatively iicharged iianion.
Which iitypes iiof iimolecules iiare iihydrophilic iiand iiwhich iiare iihydrophobic ii- iiAnswers ii-
Hydrophilic ii=Carbohydrates, iiPolar ii& iiIonic iimolecules
Hydrophobic ii= iiLipids, iiNonpolar iimolecules
Ampipathic ii= iicontains iiboth iiPhilic ii& iiPhobic iiproperties
Acids, iibases, iibuffers, iiand iipH ii- iiAnswers ii-Acids ii- iiRelease iiH+ iiwhen iidissolved iiin
iiwater
Bases ii- iiAccept iior iiremove iiH+
Buffers ii- iiCan iiboth iiaccept iiand iidonate iihydrogen iiions
- iiAbsorb iiH+ iiif iibody iifluid iipH iitoo iiacidic
- iiRelease iiH+ iiif iibody iifluid iipH iitoo iibasic
pH ii= ii-log ii[H+]
Characteristics iiand iifunctions iiof iicarbohydrates, iilipids, iiproteins, iiand iinucleic iiacids ii-
iiAnswers ii-*Carbs* ii- iiPolar, iiHydrophilic ii/ iiEnergy iisource, iipart iiof iicell iimembrane
*Lipids* ii- iiNonpolar, iiHydrophobic ii(sometimes iiampipathic) ii/ iiComposed iiprimarily iiof
iihydrogen iiand iicarbon iiatoms
*Proteins* ii- iiPolymers iiof iiamino iiacids iiwith iipeptide iibonds ii/ iiReceptors, iicarrier
iiproteins, iienzymes, iihormones ii(ex. iiinsulin,) iicontractile iiproteins ii(actin iiand iimyosin,)
iiantibodies, iistructural iiproteins ii
*Nucleic iiAcids*- iiPolymers iiof iinucleotides ii/ iiDNA, iiRNA, iiStorage iiand iiexpression iiof
iigenetic iiinformation
Cell iistructure: iiplasma iimembrane, iinucleus, iiand iiorganelles ii- iiAnswers ii--
Phospholipid iibilayer, iiselectively iipermeable, iifluid iimosaic iimodel ii(moveable)
-Nucleus iicontains iigenetic iiinformation
Cell-to-cell iiadhesions: ii- iiAnswers ii-Tight iijunctions, iiGap iijunctions, iiDesmosomes
Tight iijunctions ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiImpermeable iibarrier iibetween iiepithelial iicells iilining
iilumens
- iiSolutes iican iionly iigo iithrough iithe iicells iibut iinot iiaround iithem
Gap iijunctions ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiChannels iithat iiallow iicells iito iicommunicate iior iiexchange
iinutrients
Ex. iiCardiac iimuscle, iismooth iimuscle, iibone, iisome iineurons
Desmosomes ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiKeeps iitissues iifrom iitearing iiapart iiwhen iimechanically
stressed. ii(Like iia iispot iiweld)
- iiFound iiin iiskin, iiheart, iiuterus
CH. ii3/21 iiAnabolic iiversus iicatabolic iireactions ii- iiAnswers ii-Anabolic ii= iiInvolves iithe
iiproduction iiof iilarger iimolecules iifrom iismaller iireactants.
,Catabolic ii= iiInvolves iibreakdown iiof iilarger iimolecules iiinto iismaller iiones.
Endergonic iiversus iiexergonic iireactions ii- iiAnswers ii-Endergonic ii= iiRequires iienergy
Exergonic ii= iiReleases iienergy
Types iiof iichemical iireactions: ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiHydrolysis iiand iicondensation iireactions
2. iiPhosphorylation iiand iidephospho iirylation iireactions
3. iiOxidation-reduction iireactions
Hydrolysis iiand iicondensation iireactions ii- iiAnswers ii-*Hydrolysis* ii- iiWater iireacts iiwith
iimolecules, iibreaking iithe iibonds iithat iilink iia iimolecule iitogether.
*Condensation* ii- iiReverse iiof iiHydrolysis; iiJoining iitogether iitwo iior iimore iismaller
iimolecules iito iiform iia iilarger iione.
Phosphorylation iiand iidephosphorylation iireactions ii- iiAnswers ii-*Phosphorylation* ii-
iiAddition iiof iia iiphosphate iigroup iito iiADP iito iisynthesize iiATP.
*Dephosphorylation* ii- iiRemoval iiof iia iiphosphate iigroup iifrom iiATP iito iiform iiADP.
Oxidation-reduction iireactions ii- iiAnswers ii-*Oxidation* ii- iiRemoves iielectrons iifrom iian
iiatom iior iimolecule
*Reduction* ii- iiElectrons iiremoved iiare iiaccepted iiby iianother iiatom iior iimolecule
Law iiof iimass iiaction ii- iiAnswers ii-Increase iiin iithe iiconcentration iiof iireactants iirelative
iito iiproducts iitends iito iipush iia iireaction iiforward, iiand iian iiincrease iiin iithe
iiconcentration iiof iiproducts iirelative iito iireactants iitend iito iipush iia iireaction iiin iireverse.
Activation iienergy ii- iiAnswers ii-The iidifference iibetween iithe iienergy iiof iithe iitransition
iistate iiand iithe iienergy iiof iieither iithe iireactants iior iithe iiproducts.
How iienzymes iiwork ii- iiAnswers ii-Biomolecules iispecialized iito iiact iias iicatalysts
ii(increase iirate iiof iichemical iireactions)
Factors iithat iiaffect iienzyme iiactivity: ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiSubstrate iiconcentration iiand
iienzyme iiconcentration
2. iiEnzyme's iiaffinity iifor iithe iisubstrate
3. iiTemperature iiand iipH
Enzyme iiregulation ii- iiAnswers ii-Allosteric ii& iiCovalent iiregulation
Allosteric iiregulation ii- iiAnswers ii-Reversible iibinding iiof iia iimodulator iimolecule iito iia
iiregulatory iisite iion iian iienzyme.
Covalent iiregulation ii- iiAnswers ii-Enzyme iichanges iishape iiat iiactive iisite ii(permanent)
Protein iikinase iiand iiphosphatase iienzymes ii- iiAnswers ii-Kinase ii- iiTurns iion, iior
iiphosphorylates iia iitarget iienzyme iimolecule
, Phosphatase ii- iiTurns iioff, iior iidephosphorylates iia iitarget iienzyme iimolecule
Feedback iiinhibition iiand iifeedforward iiactivation ii- iiAnswers ii-*Inhibition* ii-
iiIntermediate iiproduct iiof iimetabolic iipathway iiallosterically iiinhibits iian iienzyme iithat
iicatalyzes iian iiearlier iireaction iiin iithe iisame iipathway.
*Activation* ii- iiActivation iiof iian iienzyme iiby iian iiintermediate iiappearing iiupstream iiin iia
iimetabolic iipathway
-Helps iikeep iireaction iirates iisteady iiunder iinormal iiconditions, iibut iialso iiallows
iireactions iito iispeed iiup iior iislow iidown iiwhen iiconditions iichange.
Cellular iirespiration iiand iithe iioxidation iiof iiglucose ii- iiAnswers ii-Know iithe ii4 iistages:
iiwhere iieach iioccurs iiand iiwhat iiis iihappening
Fermentation ii- iiAnswers ii-
Uptake, iiutilization, iiand iistorage iiof iienergy iiin iicarbohydrates, iiproteins, iiand iifats ii-
iiAnswers ii-
glycolysis ii- iiAnswers ii-"Splitting iiof iisugar"
Metabolic iipathway iiof iiten iireactions, iieach iicatalyzed iiby iidifferent iicytostolic iienzyme. ii
Each iiglucose iimolecule iiis iibroken iidown iiinto ii2 iipyruvate, ii2 iiNADH, ii2 iiH+, ii2 iiATP.
glycogenesis ii- iiAnswers ii-
glycogenolysis ii- iiAnswers ii-
gluconeogenesis ii- iiAnswers ii-
lipolysis ii- iiAnswers ii-
lipogenesis ii- iiAnswers ii-
beta iioxidation ii- iiAnswers ii-
proteolysis ii- iiAnswers ii-
deamination ii- iiAnswers ii-
transamination ii- iiAnswers ii-
Absorptive iistate iiversus iipostabsorptive iistate ii- iiAnswers ii-
What iiis iihappening iiin iieach iiand iiwhat iithe iiprimary iienergy iisource iifor iimost iibody
iicells iiis ii- iiAnswers ii-
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