How does urinary sediment differentiate prerenal, intrarenal (glomerulonephritis), intrarenal (ATN), and postrenal AKI
normal - bland
prerenal - bland
intrarenal (G) - active (hallmark)
intrarenal (ATN) - muddy brown casts, renal tubular epithelial cells
postrenal - bland
How does urine sod...
NSG 530 Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam 1
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000
people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of
the following statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data
In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the following?
a. number of people with the disease
b. cause of the disease
c. definition of the disease
d. outcome of the disease
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
a. objective and measurable
b. the same as "signs"
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above
In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of 1,000,000. At
the beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this population. During the year,
250 new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75 people died of the disease in 1992.
Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 population) at the
end of 1992 for AIDS?
a. 6
b. 25
c. 88
d. 116
What level of prevention is a blood pressure screening program for high school students
who are pregnant?
,a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
Mr. Forbes complains of "indigestion" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife takes him
to the Emergency Department at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. A cardiac
catheterization 2 days later shows partial blockage of his right coronary artery (RCA).
Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to myocardial cell injury because it results
in which of the following?
a. bilirubin accumulation in myocardial cells
b. alteration in the genetic material of myocardial cells
c. reduced energy production in myocardial cells
d. activation of the complement system
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be
impaired. Which of the following may then result?
a. intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial
infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are
significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into
the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above.
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes,
which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material
,The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from
which of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain
tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of
the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat
accumulation. Which of the following problems results in increased mobilization of free
fatty acids?
a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
c. starvation
d. hypoxia
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic
metabolism results in which of the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells
, There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs.
This increase in RBC destruction can lead to which of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to
____________ of the thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia
You palpate a gangrenous leg and note the presence of crepitus. Crepitus is associated
with which of the following?
a. wet gangrene
b. dry gangrene
c. gas gangrene
d. all of the above
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
d. all of the above.
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia.
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