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Intro. to Criminal Justice - Exam 1 Study Guide questions with answers
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Intro. to Criminal Justice - Exam 1 StudyGuide
Chapter 1 - What Is Criminal Justice - correct answer ✔✔Key Terms
crime - correct answer ✔✔Conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government,
or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse.
individual rights - correct answer ✔✔The rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the
U.S. Constitution (especially those found in the first ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the
Bill of Rights). These rights are particularly important to criminal defendants facing formal processing by
the criminal justice system.
social disorganization - correct answer ✔✔A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social
change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.
individual-rights advocate - correct answer ✔✔One who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the
process of criminal justice.
social order - correct answer ✔✔The condition of a society characterized by social integration,
consensus, smooth functioning, and lack of interpersonal and institutional conflict. Also, a lack of social
disorganization.
public-order advocate - correct answer ✔✔One who believes that under certain circumstances involving
a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights.
justice - correct answer ✔✔The principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity.
social justice - correct answer ✔✔An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to
fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.
,civil justice - correct answer ✔✔The civil law, the law of civil procedure, and the array of procedures and
activities having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action. Civil justice cannot be
separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation's civil courts reflects basic
American understandings of right and wrong.
criminal justice - correct answer ✔✔In the strictest sense, the criminal (penal) law, the law of criminal
procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of
law. Criminal justice cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation's
criminal courts reflects basic American understandings of right and wrong.
administration of justice - correct answer ✔✔The performance of any of the following activities:
detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post-trial release, prosecution, adjudication,
correctional supervision, or rehabilitation of accused persons or criminal offenders.
criminal justice system - correct answer ✔✔The aggregate of all operating and administrative or
technical support agencies that perform criminal justice functions. The basic divisions of the operational
aspects of criminal justice are law enforcement, courts, and corrections.
consensus model - correct answer ✔✔A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's
components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice.
conflict model - correct answer ✔✔A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's
components function primarily to serve their own interests. According to this theoretical framework,
justice is more a product of conflicts among agencies within the system than it is the result of
cooperation among component agencies.
sustainable justice - correct answer ✔✔Criminal laws and criminal justice institutions, policies, and
practices that achieve justice in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
have the benefits of a just society.
warrant - correct answer ✔✔In criminal proceedings, a writ issued by a judicial officer directing a law
enforcement officer to perform a specified act and affording the officer protection from damages if he or
she performs it.
, booking - correct answer ✔✔A law enforcement or correctional administrative process officially
recording an entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, the place, the time, the reason
for the arrest, and the arresting authority.
bail - correct answer ✔✔The money or property pledged to the court or actually deposited with the
court to effect the release of a person from legal custody.
preliminary hearing - correct answer ✔✔A proceeding before a judicial officer in which three matters
must be decided: (1) whether a crime was committed, (2) whether the crime occurred within the
territorial jurisdiction of the court, and (3) whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the
defendant committed the crime.
probable cause - correct answer ✔✔A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably
intelligent and prudent person to believe that a specified person has committed a specified crime. Also,
reasonable grounds to make or believe an accusation. Probable cause refers to the necessary level of
belief that would allow for police seizures (arrests) of individuals and full searches of dwellings, vehicles,
and possessions.
information - correct answer ✔✔A formal, written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor,
alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense.
indictment - correct answer ✔✔A formal, written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury,
alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony.
grand jury - correct answer ✔✔A group of jurors who have been selected according to law and have
been sworn to hear the evidence and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the
accused person to trial, to investigate criminal activity generally, or to investigate the conduct of a public
agency or official.
arraignment - correct answer ✔✔Strictly, the hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case
in which the identity of the defendant is established, the defendant is informed of the charge and of his
or her rights, and the defendant is required to enter a plea. Also, in some usages, any appearance in
criminal court before trial.
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