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Psych 323 Child Development (Midterm and Final Exam) with correct answers.
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Psych 323 Child Development (Midtermand Final Exam) with correct answers
Piaget's stages of cognitive development - correct answer -sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational, formal operational
sensorimotor - correct answer -birth-2 years (Piaget)
-reflexes to goal directed activity
-from body to outside world
-development of object permanence
-from action to mental representation
preoperational - correct answer -2-7 years (Piaget)
-represent actions mentally
-no logical thought
-intuitive thought
-egocentrism
-lack of conservation
intuitive thought - correct answer -asking why questions and thinking intuitively, but the conclusions are
based on unrelated facts (preoperational)
egocentrism - correct answer -the difficulty to see the world from another's point-of-view
(preoperational)
lack of conservation - correct answer -volume, mass, number (preoperational)
concrete operational - correct answer -7-12 years (Piaget)
-reversibility
,-classification
-develop logical thinking, but not abstract though (ex. literal translations to abstract phrases)
reversibility - correct answer -the ability to reverse mental operations (concrete operational)
classification - correct answer -organize object into hierarchal conceptual categories (ex. cats and dogs
are both in the category of animals) (concrete operational)
formal operational - correct answer -12 + years (Piaget)
-develop abstract thought (ability to think about hypothetical situations and understand abstract
concepts like justice)
-hypothetico-deductive reasoning
hypothetico-deductive reasoning - correct answer -ability to form hypotheses about how the world
works and reason logically (formal operational)
imaginary audience - correct answer -center of other people's attention most of the time (resurgence of
egocentrism in adolescence)
personal fable - correct answer -you are unique and different from other people (resurgence of
egocentrism in adolescence)
Critiques of Piaget - correct answer --ages and stages are not necessarily accurate (they are rough
estimates)
-stages aren't necessarily distinct from one another (child may be teetering between 2 stages)
-his ideas don't stand up across cultures using western methods, but sometimes do with non-western
methods
theory of core knowledge - correct answer -the theory that basic areas of knowledge are innate and
built into the human brain (contrasts with Piaget that cognitive development arises through experiences
, core areas of theory of core knowledge - correct answer -1. Knowledge that an object moves as a
cohesive unit, it doesn't contact another object unless it's close, and moves on a continuous path
2. Knowledge that agents (people) act purposefully towards a goal
3. Knowledge (within limits) of number
4. Knowledge of spatial relationships
methods of testing theory of core knowledge - correct answer --object permanence test
-shows infants possible events vs. impossible events (sees which event the infant looks at linger since
babies look longer at something they don't expect to see)
criticisms of object permanence test - correct answer -requires 3 things:
1. remembering where the object was
2. plan from retrieval of the object
3.motor skills to grasp the object
-more than just knowing where the object is
-maybe the infant knows where the object is, but just isn't old enough to do these things yet
-use eye tracking and object permanence test
-babies look longer at when ehe screen falls flat since it expect that the object was there
-use of pupil dilation to measure surprise, but this could just be from movement of the screen
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory - correct answer -emphasis placed on the importance of earning taking
place in a social world
-zone of proximal development (ZPD)
-scaffolding
-private speech
zone of proximal development - correct answer -what a child cannot do on her own but can with hep
from someone more skilled/knowledgeable (test the child twice, once alone and once with help)
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