Physiology Final Exam Gastro
Questions with Complete Solutions
Entire gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Include three accessory organs and
seven sphincters in your sketch. - Answer-Took a picture
Describe the functions of the digestive system - Answer-
From figure 15.3, discuss and locate the four major processes of the GI tract. Include
the relevant parts of cardiovascular system in this discussion - Answer-
From figure 15.2, list the three types of ingested macromolecules and the absorbable
products of digestion - Answer-Carbohydrates - glucose, fructose, galactose (via
sucrase lactase and maltase)
polypeptides - amino acids (via pepsin trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase)
Triglycerides - monoglycerides (via lipase)
Using figure 15.4, list the six major sources of fluid inputs to the GI tract, the three main
paths that fluid leaves the tract, and a brief mentioning of where all that fluid comes from
- Answer-
draw and label all the layers and major constituents of the GI tract wall starting at the
lumen and working your way out to the abdominal cavity. Include a description of the
two major nerve plexuses - Answer-
Draw and describe the regulation of gastrointestinal function via both short and long
neuronal reflex pathways. Discuss the highlighted interactions of the CNS, PNS, and
ENS. What is the impact of parasympathetic and sympathetic input on GI tract function -
Answer-Took a picture
List the four major GI-regulating hormones and give a brief description of each -
Answer-
Define and differentiate the three phases of GI regulation - Answer-
What is official term for chewing? What important functions does this mouth motility
provide? How is it coordinated and regulated - Answer-Mastication, increases surface
area of ingested material and mixes it with saliva. Voluntary skeletal muscles, but
utilizes complex brainstem
From what three exocrine glands is saliva secreted? How do the two branches of the
ANS affect secretion - Answer-Sublingual
Parotid
, Submandibular
Parasymp - lots, thin watery
Symp - little, thick, viscous
list the components of saliva and the function of each. - Answer-Water - Moisten and
dissolve
Mucus - lubricates
HCO3- Neutralizes acids
Lysozyme- Kills bacteria
Amylase - Begins digestion of polysaccharides
Lipase - begins digestion of triglycerides
Discuss Sjogren's syndrome. Highlight the difficulties encountered with this pathology -
Answer-Attacks the glands that make saliva and make your mouth dry
describe and detail the structures and events of the two phases of deglutition. Highlight
the important roles for both the UES and LES - Answer-Oropharyngeal - close lips,
elevate tongue, soft palate elevates to block nasal passage, larynx elevates, bolus
flattens(epiglottis over glottis), UES opens, UES closes
Esophageal - peristaltic wave down the esophagus, LES sphincter relaxes
What is the exocrine secretion in the esophagus and what is its role? - Answer-Mucus -
protects walls and makes tract slippery
Describe the three functional regions of the stomach. What is the main role for each
region? What are the two sphincters that allow entry and exit from the stomach? List the
exocrine secretions of the stomach, noting the functional region that each originates -
Answer-Fundus - top part, thin, weak
Body - middle, stronger, thick, secretes mucus, pepsinogen and HCl
Antrum - bottom, strongest, secretes mucus pepsinogen and gastrin
From figure 15.10, list the six cell types found in gastric pits. What is the secretion of
each cell type and what is its function in the GI tract - Answer-
Draw figure 15.11 and discuss how HCl is produced and secreted by the parietal cells -
Answer-
list the four main regulators of HCl secretion by parietal cells, noting whether each is
stimulatory or inhibitory. What is actually being "regulated" in this figure - Answer-
What chemicals/drugs reduce acid in the stomach and how do they achieve this -
Answer-
Questions with Complete Solutions
Entire gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Include three accessory organs and
seven sphincters in your sketch. - Answer-Took a picture
Describe the functions of the digestive system - Answer-
From figure 15.3, discuss and locate the four major processes of the GI tract. Include
the relevant parts of cardiovascular system in this discussion - Answer-
From figure 15.2, list the three types of ingested macromolecules and the absorbable
products of digestion - Answer-Carbohydrates - glucose, fructose, galactose (via
sucrase lactase and maltase)
polypeptides - amino acids (via pepsin trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase)
Triglycerides - monoglycerides (via lipase)
Using figure 15.4, list the six major sources of fluid inputs to the GI tract, the three main
paths that fluid leaves the tract, and a brief mentioning of where all that fluid comes from
- Answer-
draw and label all the layers and major constituents of the GI tract wall starting at the
lumen and working your way out to the abdominal cavity. Include a description of the
two major nerve plexuses - Answer-
Draw and describe the regulation of gastrointestinal function via both short and long
neuronal reflex pathways. Discuss the highlighted interactions of the CNS, PNS, and
ENS. What is the impact of parasympathetic and sympathetic input on GI tract function -
Answer-Took a picture
List the four major GI-regulating hormones and give a brief description of each -
Answer-
Define and differentiate the three phases of GI regulation - Answer-
What is official term for chewing? What important functions does this mouth motility
provide? How is it coordinated and regulated - Answer-Mastication, increases surface
area of ingested material and mixes it with saliva. Voluntary skeletal muscles, but
utilizes complex brainstem
From what three exocrine glands is saliva secreted? How do the two branches of the
ANS affect secretion - Answer-Sublingual
Parotid
, Submandibular
Parasymp - lots, thin watery
Symp - little, thick, viscous
list the components of saliva and the function of each. - Answer-Water - Moisten and
dissolve
Mucus - lubricates
HCO3- Neutralizes acids
Lysozyme- Kills bacteria
Amylase - Begins digestion of polysaccharides
Lipase - begins digestion of triglycerides
Discuss Sjogren's syndrome. Highlight the difficulties encountered with this pathology -
Answer-Attacks the glands that make saliva and make your mouth dry
describe and detail the structures and events of the two phases of deglutition. Highlight
the important roles for both the UES and LES - Answer-Oropharyngeal - close lips,
elevate tongue, soft palate elevates to block nasal passage, larynx elevates, bolus
flattens(epiglottis over glottis), UES opens, UES closes
Esophageal - peristaltic wave down the esophagus, LES sphincter relaxes
What is the exocrine secretion in the esophagus and what is its role? - Answer-Mucus -
protects walls and makes tract slippery
Describe the three functional regions of the stomach. What is the main role for each
region? What are the two sphincters that allow entry and exit from the stomach? List the
exocrine secretions of the stomach, noting the functional region that each originates -
Answer-Fundus - top part, thin, weak
Body - middle, stronger, thick, secretes mucus, pepsinogen and HCl
Antrum - bottom, strongest, secretes mucus pepsinogen and gastrin
From figure 15.10, list the six cell types found in gastric pits. What is the secretion of
each cell type and what is its function in the GI tract - Answer-
Draw figure 15.11 and discuss how HCl is produced and secreted by the parietal cells -
Answer-
list the four main regulators of HCl secretion by parietal cells, noting whether each is
stimulatory or inhibitory. What is actually being "regulated" in this figure - Answer-
What chemicals/drugs reduce acid in the stomach and how do they achieve this -
Answer-
