NURS 8022 EXAM 3 ACTUAL EXAM 2024 EXAM 150
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
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What happens to the percentage of body water through the lifespan? -
ANSWERNewborns; 75-90%
Childhood; 60-65%
Adults; 60%
Older adults; declines with age
Why do older adults experience a decrease in body percentage of water? - ANSWER-
increased adipose tissue
- decreased muscle mass
- renal decline
- diminished thirst
What is the definition of osmotic force? - ANSWERAmt. of hydrostatic pressure required
to oppose the osmotic movement of water.
What is filtration? - ANSWERmovement of fluid from the capillary into the interstitial
space
What is reabsorption? - ANSWERmovement of fluid from interstitial space into the
capillary
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure? - ANSWER(blood pressure) facilitates the
outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space
What is capillary oncotic pressure? - ANSWERWater pulling
attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary osmotically
What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure? - ANSWERWater pushing.
facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the capillary
,What is interstitial oncotic pressure? - ANSWERwater pulling
attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space osmotically.
What is Starlings hypothesis? - ANSWERNet filtration = forces favoring filtration - forces
opposing filtration
What is the major force of filtration and reabosoprtion? - ANSWERcapillary pressures
What happens at the arteriole end of the capillary in terms of fluid forces? -
ANSWERhydrostatic pressure > interstitial oncotic pressure = water into the insterstitial
space
FILTRATION
What happens at the venous end of a capillary in terms of fluid forces? -
ANSWERcapillary oncotic pressure > interstitial hydrostatic pressure = fluid back into
ciruclation
REABSORPTION
What is the pathophysiology of edema? - ANSWERincreased in forces favoring fluid
filtration from the capillaries or lymphatic channels into the tissues
What is the primary ECF cation? - ANSWERSodium
What is the primary ECF anion? - ANSWERChloride
Describe the relationship btw. Chloride and sodium and bicarbonate - ANSWERCl
follow sodium and varies inversely with bicarb.
What hormone regulates sodium? where is it synthesized? - ANSWERAldosterone.
Synthesized in the adrenal cortex.
When is aldosterone secreted? - ANSWERDecreased renal perfusion, low NA levels,
high K levels.
, What are the effects of aldosterone secretion? - ANSWERActs on the distule tubule of
the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water and excrete K and H+ into urine.
Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWERdecreased blood
pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of kidney to secrete renin
renin stimulates angiotensin I
angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II by ACE in pulmonary vessels
leads to reabsorption of Na/H20, rise of systemic BP restoring renal perfusion... all
negative feedback that inhibits further release of renin
What produces ANP? Urodilantin? - ANSWERmyocardial atria
urodilantin is similar to ANP and is secreted by kidney cells in response to increased
renal blood flow.
Where is BNP produced? - ANSWERventricles
ANP and BNP are antagonist to what - ANSWERRASS and stop secretion of
aldosterone, renin, and AD and the action of angiotensin II
Thirst perception is regulated by; - ANSWER1. Osmolality receptors (cause thirst ex:
dry mouth, plasma volume depletion)
2. Baroreceptors (stimulated by depleted plasma volume to cause release of ADH)
What does ADH (arginine vasopressin) do? When is is released? - ANSWER- increases
H20 absorption by increasing permeability of renal tubules in collecting ducts of kidneys
- released with increased plasma osmolality, decreased circulating blood vol.,
decreased BP
What is osmolality? normal value? - ANSWERNumber of particles per kg of H20.
Doesn't depend on particle size, just number of particles.
normal = 295
What does high/low osmolality indicate - ANSWERlow (less 295) = fluid overload
high > 295 = dehydration
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