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ANTH 170 Final exam with complete solutions 2024_2025
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ANTH 170 Final exam with complete solutions 2024_2025
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ANTH 170 Final exam with completesolutions 2024/2025
bipedalism - ANSWER-walking on two legs
what distinguishes humans from other primates? - ANSWER-art, religion,
bipedalism, large brain size, culture, tools and tech, language and symbolic
thinking
mosaic evolution - ANSWER-humans evolved in piecemeal fashion w different
functional systems evolving at different times
early 20th century - ANSWER-most scientists believe that humans evolved in
Europe and that the initial change was larger brain size
Auxleys Differences (Humans v Apes) - ANSWER-larger brain, bipedal, reliance
on material culture, symbolic language, manipulative hands, smaller teeth
the taung child - ANSWER-small brain but evidence of bipedal behavior (mosaic
evolution)
Hominins - ANSWER-defined by the habitual bipedal adaption (earliest hominins -
5-7 mya)
habitual bipedalism - ANSWER-somewhere between quadrupedalism and biped.
obligatory bipedalism - ANSWER-it's now the only mode of locomotion that we
can efficiently use, anything else is too slow or difficult
anterior foramen magnum - ANSWER-if you hold the skull up level so that you are
looking at the back of the head and you can clearly see the foramen then its
, posteriorly positioned. anterior means front so the foramen is towards the front
of the skull in bipeds
lumbar lordosis - ANSWER-shifts center of gravity over the pelvis; a bipedal
adaption
vertebrae - ANSWER-increase in size as you go down the spine (smallest are at
the top); a bipedal adaption for stability
pelvis - ANSWER-ilium is short and broad and the whole girdle is shaped like a
bowl, larger acetabulum (the indent where the head of the femur goes); a bipedal
adaption
femur - ANSWER-head and neck are large and robust, shaft is angled laterally (\/)
so humans are knock kneed
value angle - ANSWER-when you stand a femur up on a table and the whole thing
is slanted
foot - ANSWER-ankle joint restricted to flexing and extending, foot is arched, big
toe in line with other toes, long metatarsals and short phalanges
abducted halux - ANSWER-a big toe that is way separate from the others (think
alien abduction, the toe is being pulled away)
adducted halux - ANSWER-big toe is in line with the rest (it's being added to the
rest of the foot)
chimpanzees - ANSWER-can move bipedally but they lack all of these adaptions
so they can't do it all the time like us
why bipedalism? - ANSWER-energy efficiency, ability to see over tall grass, frees
hands for manipulation and carrying
downside to bipedalism - ANSWER-reduces the size of the birth canal and makes
birthing very difficult
late Miocene climate - ANSWER-Africa becomes cooler and drier, earlier hominins
occupy the warmer and wetter areas
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