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Straighterline Sociology Final Exam Notes WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
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Terms in this set (276)
Sociology The scientific study of social behavior and human groups
An awareness of the relationship between an
individual and the wider society
Sociological Imagination
Which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of
Socialization
a particular culture
Agents of socialization Family, School, Peer Group, Mass Media and Technology, Workplace
In sociology, a theory is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions
Sociological Theory
or behavior
The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects,
Culture
and behavior
Society The largest human group
A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions
Subculture
that differs from the pattern of the larger society
Counterculture When a subculture deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and the way of life represent the
norm or are superior to all others
Ethnocentrism
Ex. the ethnocentric person sees his or her group as the center of culture and views
all other cultures as "normal"
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's
Ascribed Status
unique talents and characteristics
Achieved Status A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
Primary Group A small group characterized by face-to-face association and cooperation
A formal, impersonal group in which there is a little social intimacy or mutual
Secondary Group
understanding
In-group Any group or category to which people feel they belong
Out-group A group or category to which people feel they do not belong
Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own
Reference Group
behavior
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, Statuses Ascribed Status, Achieved Status, and Master Status
Occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held
Role Conflict
by the same person
To describe the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes
Role Strain
conflicting demands and expectations
To describe the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-
Role Exit
identity in order to establish a new role and identity
Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with
Groups
one another on a regular basis
A series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and through them
Social Networks
indirectly to still more people
A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are
Functionalist Perspective
structured to maintain its stability
A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in
Conflict Perspective terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources
including housing, money, access to services, and political representation
A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction
Interactionist Perspective
in order to explain society as a whole
A family in which relatives( grandparents, aunts, or uncles) live in the same house as
Extended Family
parents and their children
Only the father's relatives are significant in terms of property, inheritance and
Patrilineal Descent
emotional ties
Matrilineal Descent Only the mother's relatives are significant
Maternal Descent Both sides of a person's family are regarded ad equally important
Egalitarian Family Spouses are regarded as equals
Government The authority that sets rules for a society
An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private
Capitalism
hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
The means of production and distribution in a society are collectively rather than
Socialism
privately owned
Refers to an economic system under which all property is owned and no social
Communism
distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce
Transfers money, goods, or services take place but are not reported to the
Informal Economy
government
A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic
Stratification
rewards and power in a society.
Refers to a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live
Absolute Power
below
A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society,
Relative Poverty whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the
nation as a whole.
the relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are
Collective Behavior
reacting to a common influence in a ambiguous situation
Quantitative Research Which collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
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