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PNB 2250 Exam 3 Questions And Answers With Verified Study Tests
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PNB 2250 Exam 3 Questions And Answers With Verified Study Tests Examples of respiratory structures of terrestrial animals ANS bulk flow with tracheal system and spiracles (insects), cutaneous (frog) Examples of respiratory structures of aquatic animals ANS bulk flow (sponges, cnidarians), gil...

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  • October 9, 2024
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  • pnb 2250 exam 3 questions and answers with verifie
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PNB 2250 Exam 3 Questions And Answers With
Verified Study Tests
Examples of respiratory structures of terrestrial animals ANS bulk flow with tracheal system and
spiracles (insects), cutaneous (frog)



Examples of respiratory structures of aquatic animals ANS bulk flow (sponges, cnidarians), gills,
water vascular system, arborescent respiratory trees (sea cucumber), cutaneous (leech)



Do all aquatic animals necessarily exchange gasses in water? ANS No, some aquatic animals
could exchange gasses above water using lungs, like aquatic mammals, or cutaneous respiration, like
frogs, which takes advantage of moist skin rather than being in the water



Relationship between a gas's volume and its pressure ANS Volume and pressure are inversely
related because in a higher volume gas has more room to move, which means it has a lower pressure.



What is a gas's partial pressure? ANS A partial pressure is the independent gas's exertion of
pressure on the walls of a container via molecular collisions.



How does O2 and CO2 differ in their solubility & concentration in water versus in air? ANS
Solubility of oxygen is lower in water than air, while CO2 reacts with water to form bicarbonate and
carbonic acid. Oxygen is in higher concentration than CO2 in both air and water. Warmer water and
salt water holds less oxygen


What happens to air pressure as elevation increases? What happens to water pressure as depth
increases? ANS As elevation increases, air pressure decreases.

As depth increases in water, pressure increases.


How might water's density and viscosity affect the energy required for ventilation by aquatic animals
compared to that in air-breathers? How does this impact locomotion? ANS Water has a high
viscosity and density, which means that it is thicker and heavier. This means that water holds less
oxygen than the air does. This means that locomotion is also hard for aquatic mammals.

,Name an animal that has neither a circulatory system nor a respiratory system and relies solely on
cutaneous diffusion for gas exchange. How is this adequate for its survival? ANS Small and thin
animals, like flatworms and horsehair worm parasites, have no respiratory or circulatory systems and
solely rely on cutaneous/cuticle diffusion through water or air.


Name one aquatic and one terrestrial animal that respires cutaneously, but moves the diffused gasses
through a circulatory system ANS Long animals use cutaneous respiration and moves the gas to
the circulatory system
Aquatic cutaneous: leech
Terrestrial cutaneous: frog


Name one aquatic and one terrestrial animal that has the opposite physiological setup: one that lacks
a circulatory system (at least one used primarily for gas exchange) and respires using bulk flow of the
medium (water or air) ANS Bulk flow animals have no circulatory system
Aquatic: sponge, cnidarian
Terrestrial: insect (tracheal system and spiracles)


Name an aquatic and terrestrial animal that utilizes a bulk flow step in both their respiratory and
circulatory systems and identify the two sites of gas diffusion during the transport of O2 and CO2
through the body. ANS Animals that utilize bulk flow in their respiratory and circulatory systems
Aquatic: mollusks, crustaceans
Terrestrial: vertebrates
It diffuses into respiratory vasculature of the alveoli and respiring cells through the capillaries, where
it enters mitochondria for aerobic respiration.


What are the gills of a mollusk called (which also double as a ciliated, filter-feeding structure in
bivalves)? ANS Ctenidia are large leaf-like organs that are used partly for respiration and partly
for filtering food from the water in mollusks



How do cephalopods actively move water across their gills? ANS Cephalopods have paired gills
and muscles that force water through a mantle cavity

, How do crustaceans, such as crabs, shrimp, and crayfish, breathe? ANS Crustaceans have gills
that are highly modified and located at the base of each leg under the carapace. The water flow is
unidirectional, entering the ventral side and exiting the bailer (anterior) near the mouth



Describe at least two ways that different echinoderms can respire in water without gills. ANS Sea
Stars use both external respiratory papulae and a water vascular system.
Sea cucumbers have arborescent respiratory trees stemming from their cloaca (breathing out of anus)



How do hagfish differ from lampreys? (hint: nostril) ANS Hagfish have a single nostril
connected to the esophagus and ventilate using a muscular velum - moves to propel water
unidirectionally through the mouth, down the pharynx, and into the bilateral atria that exits the body
through the atriopore opening
Lampreys have a single nostril that's not connected to the gut and have a row of gill pouches (7 per
side) that each have an external opening. Can be unidirectional when the fish is swimming and tidal
when attached to a surface (rock/host).



What is ram ventilation and which group of animals uses this? What is their anatomy like? ANS
Continuous swimming sharks use ram ventilation, which means that they move water over their gills
by swimming and "ramming" the water into their mouths and over their gills.
Sharks and rays have gill septa and unidirectional flow



Is ram ventilation attainable for sedentary species of sharks and rays? ANS For sharks, sedentary
skates, and rays that have to go at rest they use tidal ventilation through spiracles, because
unidirectional respiration requires continuous moving


How is the anatomy of the teleost gill suited for maximizing extraction of dissolved oxygen from the
water column? List two structural features of this organ that increase its surface area. ANS Gill
arches of teleosts are under the operculum cover and have no gill septa, as each column of free
filament is called the hemibranch. Spiracles are also covered over in teleosts. They use buccal-
opercular pumps that ensure unidirectional and continuous water flow across the gills.
By increasing the width and thickness of the gill filament, gas exchange is enhanced.


Describe the two phases of the buccal force pump in bony fishes by naming the head chambers and
kinds of pressure involved in each stage ANS Phase 1: suction pump → water enters the mouth

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