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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam 2024/2025 Questions and Answers graded A+
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Essentials of Human Anatomy and PhysiologyEssentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Final
Exam 2024/2025 Questions and Answers graded A+
Steroids
Chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine cells into the extracellular
fluids and regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body.
Prostaglandins
A hormone, called the "pain causing hormone", derived from fatty acid molecules,
that come from plasma membranes of virtually all body cells. They have many
targets, but act locally at the site of release.
Examples of Effects of Prostaglandins
~Increase blood pressure by acting as vasoconstrictors. ~Cause constriction of
respiratory passageways. ~Stimulate muscle of the uterus, promoting menstrual
pain and labor. ~Enhance blood clotting. ~Promote inflammation and pain.
~Increase output of digestive secretions by stomach.
Target Cells
Cells with specific receptors in their membranes to accept specific hormones.
,Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Target Organs
The organs that hormones act on to either increase or decrease the organ's activity
level.
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
The chief means of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormones. In such
systems, some internal or external stimulus triggers hormone secretion; then rising
hormone levels inhibit further hormone release (even while promoting responses in
their target organs). As a result, blood levels of many hormones vary only within a
very narrow range.
What are the two functional lobes of the Pituitary Gland?
~Anterior (glandular tissue) ~Posterior (nervous tissue)
What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?
As part of the endocrine system it produces hormones which control other glands
as well as various bodily functions.
What is the function of the Anterior Pituitary Gland?
,Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Often call the Master Endocrine Gland,it is mainly involved in development of the
body, sexual maturation and reproduction. Hormones produced, regulate growth
and stimulate the adrenal and thyroid glands as well as the ovaries and testes. It
also generates prolactin, which enables new mothers to produce milk.
What is the function of the Posterior Pituitary Gland?
It produces antidiuretic hormone, which reclaims water from the kidneys and
conserves it in the bloodstream to prevent dehydration. Oxytocin is also produced,
aiding in uterine contraction during childbirth and stimulating the production of
milk
What are the six hormones produced by the Anterior Pituitary Gland?
~Growth ~Prolactin ~Thyrotropic ~Adrenocorticotropic ~Two Gonadotropic
Growth Hormone (GH)
A general metabolic hormone that has a major effect on the growth of skeletal
muscles and long bones of the body. It is a protein-sparing and anabolic hormone
that causes amino acids to be built into proteins and stimulates most target cells to
grow in size and divide. At the same time, it causes fats to be broken down and
used for energy while it spares glucose, helping to maintain blood sugar
homeostasis.
, Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology
AD
Prolactin (PRL)
A protein hormone structurally similar to growth hormone. Its only known target in
humans is the breast. After childbirth, it stimulates and maintains mild production
by the mother's breasts. Its function in men is not known.
Thyrotropic Hormone (TH)
Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), it influences the growth and
activity of the thyroid gland.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
The hormone that regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the
adrenal gland.
Gonadotropic Hormones
Hormones that regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes).
What are the three gonadotropic hormones?
~Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) ~Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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