PNB 2274 Exam 1 Complete Questions And Answers With Verified Updates
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Course
PNB 2274
Institution
PNB 2274
PNB 2274 Exam 1 Complete Questions And Answers With Verified Updates
Anatomy and Physiology ANS study of structure and function
The Anatomic Position ANS standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level and looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward
Relative Or...
PNB 2274 Exam 1 Complete Questions And Answers
With Verified Updates
Anatomy and Physiology ANS study of structure and function
The Anatomic Position ANS standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level and
looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward
Relative Orientation ANS allows us to describe the relative position of one body structure in
relation to another
Inferior/Superior ANS low/high
Rostral/Caudal ANS towards head/towards tail
Anterior/Posterior ANS front/back
Medial/Lateral ANS towards middle/away from midline
Proximal/Distal ANS near/far
3 Anatomic Planes ANS 1. Coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)
2. Transverse: divides the body into inferior and superior (upper and lower)
3. Midsagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves
Homeostasis ANS the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment though
the external environment changes continuously, maintained to ensure survival and proper biological
functioning of the cell constituents
,Homeostatic Control Systems ANS mechanisms that monitor the internal environment and
correct as needed
Local Control ANS isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges and acts locally
Reflex Control ANS long distance signaling, typically involving endocrine or neural responses
Response Loop ANS Stimulus: change in environment
Sensor: receptor
Input: afferent neuron
Controller: integrating center
Output: hormone/neuron
Target
Response: change corrected
Integrator ANS possess a set point within a normal range, looks for error signals and responds to
the error by controlling the target effector
Feedback ANS some part of the output system is returned to its input in order to regulate its
further output
Negative Feedback Loops ANS -occurs when the system cuts to oppose changes to the input of
the system
-shut off original input
-help maintain homeostasis
-prevent sudden, severe changes within the body
-counteract bodily disruption
-most common
, Positive Feedback Loops ANS -occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to
the input of the system
-require outside factors to shut down the system
-not homeostatic --> response amplifies stimulus, sends organisms further from setpoint
-lactation, birth
Plasma Membrane ANS phospholipid bilayer, allows exchange and communication in a
regulated manner
-functions: physical barrier gateway for exchange, communication, site of attachment to other cells,
extracellular protein and intracellular proteins
Membrane Transport ANS movement of ions or other molecules across a cell membrane
Transported Species ANS water, gases, ions, sugar, proteins, RNA, hormones
Types of Transport ANS simple diffusion, channel mediated, carrier mediated, active
Transcellular ANS through cells
Paracellular ANS between cells
2 Types of Transport ANS 1. Passive transport: does not require energy from the cell, materials
move spontaneously from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
2. Active transport: requires energy input, materials are actively moved from a region of high
concentration to a region of lower concentration, movement against a concentration gradient
Passive Transport ANS characteristics: all involve diffusion, all permit transmembrane flow,
none require energy from the cell
types: simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk filtration
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