2. Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases - Organic Chemistry (McMurry) Exam Questions And Answers Verified Guaranteed.
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Course
MCMURRY
Institution
MCMURRY
Polar covalent bond - correct answer Unsymmetrical electron distribution in a covalent bond.
Are directional (due to set bond angles).
Polarity - correct answer Implies separation of charge.
Dipole moment - correct ans...
Polar covalent bond - correct answer Unsymmetrical electron distribution in a
covalent bond.
Are directional (due to set bond angles).
Polarity - correct answer Implies separation of charge.
Dipole moment - correct answer A measure of the net polarity of a molecule. A
dipole moment arises when the centers of mass of positive and negative charges within a molecule do
not coincide.
Electronegativity (EN) - correct answer The ability of an atom to attract electrons in
a covalent bond. Electronegativity increases across the periodic table from left to right and from bottom
to top.
Inductive effects - correct answer The electron-attracting or electron-withdrawing
effect transmitted through sigma bonds. Electronegative elements have an electron-withdrawing
inductive effect.
Formal Charge - correct answer The difference in the number of electrons owned by
an atom in a molecule and by the same atom in its elemental state.
Resonance Structures - correct answer Differ only in the placement of valence
electrons. NO ATOMS SHIFT POSITION! A double headed arrow is used to indicate resonance structures.
True structure is a superposition of all resonance structures on each other; sometimes called the
resonance hybrid.
, Bronsted-Lowry Base - correct answer Proton acceptor.
Organic acid - correct answer Contain a positively charged polarized hydrogen
atom. These typically include a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom or a hydrogen atom bonded
to a carbon atom that is adjacent to an electron-withdrawing group such as C=O.
Organic base - correct answer Contain an atom with a lone pair of electrons that
can bond to a proton. These typically include compounds with a nitrogen or an oxygen atom.
Lewis acid - correct answer A substance with a vacant low-energy orbital that can
accept an electron pair from a base. All electro- philes are Lewis acids.
Lewis base - correct answer A substance that donates an electron lone pair to an
acid. All nucleophiles are Lewis bases.
Noncovalent Interactions - correct answer One of a variety of non-bonding
interactions between molecules, such as dipole-dipole forces, dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonds.
Dipole-dipole forces - correct answer Both attractive and repulsive, occur between
polar molecules resulting from dipole electrostatic interactions.
Dispersion forces - correct answer Found between all neighboring molecules, are
due to the constantly changing electron distribution within molecules.
Hydrogen Bond - correct answer An attractive interaction that forms between a
hydrogen atom bonded to an O, N, or F atom, and the lone pair electrons on another O, N, or F atom.
(Remember "F.O.N")
Acidity Constant (Ka) - correct answer A measure of acid strength. For any acid HA,
the acidity constant is given by the expression:
Conjugate Acid - correct answer The product that results from
protonation of a Brønsted-Lowry base.
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