Variolation - Answer inoculation of smallpox into the skin
Who is credited with the first invention of the vaccine? - Answer Dr. Edward Jenner
How did Dr. Jenner establish the first ever clinical trial? - Answer Inoculated a boy with
cowpox to develop immunity to smallpox
What did Lewis Pasteur note? - Answer Aged cultures of disease affected its virulence
What made smallpox eradication successful? - Answer --No animal reservoir (humans
only)
--Active immunity (lasts for life)
--Subclinical cases are rare (apparent symptoms)
--Infectivity does not precede overt symptoms (only infectious when symptoms show)
--One Variola Serotype (no mutations)
What is immunization? - Answer the process in which an infectious disease is prevented
prior exposure to a pathogen administered in a form that will not cause illness
What is a form of immunization? - Answer Vaccination
What immune response does the immune system involve? - Answer --Physical barriers
--Chemical substances
--Cells (lymphocytes)
--Proteins (antibodies)
What does the immune system recognzie? - Answer foreign substances
What two components make up the immune system? - Answer memory and specificity
What complex processes are involved in the mechanisms of the immune system? -
Answer Detection of changes in cells and detection of infectious organisms
What two systems make up the immune system? - Answer Innate and adaptive
Describe innate immune system - Answer Present at birth, first line of defense, and has
a nonspecific response.
, What does the innate immune system consist of? - Answer Anatomical barriers (skin)
Physiological barriers (stomach acid)
Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, microphages)
Inflammatory processes (antibacterial activity)
Natural killer cells (cytotoxic activity)
What two types of immunity make up adaptive immunity? - Answer cell-mediated
(cellular) and humoral
Describe adaptive immunity - Answer second line of defense, specific response to
antigens, acquired through previous exposure to infections, can recognize and destroy
specific foreign agents based on antigenic properties
What does cell-mediated immunity involve? What are some of its roles? - Answer
T-lymphocytes (cells)
Presents antigens in a way B-cells can recognize and eliminate intercellular organisms
such as viruses and bacteria.
Where do t-cells come from? - Answer T cells come from the bone marrow and
differentiate in the thymus
What are three types of T-Cells? - Answer Cytotoxic (CD8): destroy infected host cells
Helper (CD4): secretes cytokines to aid cytotoxic T cells and B cells in their killings
Suppressor: suppress activities of cytotoxic, helper, and B cells
What are cytokines? - Answer proteins that mediate cell functions (amplify, regulate,
communicate)
What happens when someone has a low T Cell count? - Answer low immunity and low
ability to fight infection
What does humoral immunity involve? What is its role? - Answer B lymphocytes (cells)
Primary defense against extracellular organisms and recognizes antigen on cell
surface.
What are the epitopes or the antigenic determinants? - Answer regions of an antigen
molecule that stimulate immune responses
What do B-lymphocytes (cells) do? - Answer Bind to antigen which transform into
plasma cells that produce antibodies
What do plasma cells produce? - Answer antibodies
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Flat. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.