Ohm's law equation - ANSWER-V=IR
EKG monitored patient should be __________, monitor chassis should be ___________ (nonconductive). Why - ANSWER-ungrounded, grounded. Grounded patient would be able to conduct leakage currents. we dont want this
lb to kg - ANSWER-2.2 lb = 1 kg
F to C - ANSW...
EKG monitored patient should be __________, monitor chassis should be
___________ (nonconductive). Why - ANSWER-ungrounded, grounded. Grounded
patient would be able to conduct leakage currents. we dont want this
lb to kg - ANSWER-2.2 lb = 1 kg
F to C - ANSWER-C=5/9(F-32)
C to F - ANSWER-F=9/5C+32
3 things that change automaticity of automatic cells - ANSWER-1. slope of phase 4
2. Change of threshold potential
3. Change of resting membrane potential
a systole is represented by what portion of the ECG - ANSWER-QT interval
What is main ion transfer during systole - ANSWER-K+ seeps out, Ca2+ enters
At rest, what is intracellular/extracellular environment - ANSWER-inside negative,
outside positive
What phase of AP is resting membrane potential - ANSWER-phase 4
Nodal depolarization occurs via what channel - ANSWER-Ca2+ slow channel
Cardiac muscle cell depol occurs via what channel - ANSWER-Na+ fast channel
During which phases is cell refractory - ANSWER-1,2,3
TDP caused by what mechanism usually - ANSWER-EAD's (triggered activity)
Variance - ANSWER-Take each number in sample, subtract each number from mean,
square each difference, add all, divide sum by number in sample -1
Standard deviation - ANSWER-square root of variance
P value - ANSWER-Probability of certainty / smaller p value means the more likely the
result could not occur by chance
,survival curve showing % of patients surviving treatment over time - ANSWER-Kaplan -
Meier curves
when measuring EGM's, earliest atrial activation usually from _____ and earliest
ventricular usually from ______ - ANSWER-P wave / QRS
Morady maneuver is used to differentiate - ANSWER-differentiate AT from
AVNRT/AVRT
Most common arrhythmia - ANSWER-AF
Most common SVT - ANSWER-AVNRT
What type of single use devices can be resterilized and why? - ANSWER-Diagnostic EP
electrodes because lumen and technically not a catheter because no lumen
Fr to mm - ANSWER-1 Fr = .33 mm
Tip inner diameter standard diagnostic cardiac catheters and why - ANSWER-.038
inch / because it is supposed to be used with .035-.038 inch guide wires
What is 2 rules for CMC's like spiral or lasso - ANSWER-1. Only approved for use in LA
due to chordae tendinea
2. Only rotate shaft clockwise
Stereotaxis catheters - ANSWER-Have magnets in tip for maneuverability in response
to changes in magnetic field
What system remotely steers guided catheters - ANSWER-Hansen robotic system
ACT for using array - ANSWER-ACT 250-300
bipolar cardiac electrodes record local _________ that occur during phase _______ -
ANSWER-depolarizations / phase 0
surface EKG leads usually filtered at what - ANSWER-.1 - 100 Hz
Normal EGM filter settings - ANSWER-30 - 300 Hz
What to do if T waves interfere with A/V and why - ANSWER-Increase the high pass
filter because T waves are lower frequency as well as far field
Unipolar filter setting - ANSWER-.05 - 300 Hz
How each is measured: Diagnostic catheter OD , Inflated balloon cath OD, Needle OD,
Guide wire - ANSWER-Diag: Fr / Balloon: mm / Needle: gauge / GW: inch (thousandth
of inches)
, Standard sizes of micropuncture introducer sets and their purpose - ANSWER-21
gauge needle / .018 inch wire. Purpose of micropuncture introducer set is for placement
of .035-.038 inch GW
Best needle to use for pericardial space via subxyphoid approach - ANSWER-Tuohy
needle
which type of guide wire is 260-300 cm long? - ANSWER-exchange guide wires (much
longer than diagnostic catheter)
advantage of bipolar leads - ANSWER-less prone to EMI noise
Unipolar leads more prone to - ANSWER-1. EMI / muscle artifact oversensing
2. pectoralis muscle stimulation (pocket stim)
Steroid tip leads reduce acute: - ANSWER-inflammation and stimulation threshold
Best numbers for ventricular lead - ANSWER-Threshold <1 V / Sensing >4 mV
programmed stimulation - ANSWER-Consists of incremental pacing and extrastimuli
Sharp, curved GW used to go transseptal - ANSWER-SafeSept Guidewire
Baylis NRG RF Transseptal needle has - ANSWER-Side holes for pressure and
contrast
Ultrasound transducers are composed of - ANSWER-Piezoelectric crystals
How do ultrasound transducers work - ANSWER-Transducers convert one form of
energy into another. Ultrasound transducers convert electric signals into ultrasonic
energy. The ultrasonic energy is transmitted into tissues, bounces back and then is
converted back to electric energy
doppler transducer uses what - ANSWER-single piezoelectric crystal that sends and
receives
In cardiovascular doppler, what is target off of which ultrasound waves are reflected
back - ANSWER-RBC's
ICE advantage over TEE - ANSWER-General anesthesia not needed for ICE
What is used to visualize shunts or distinguish right from left chamber - ANSWER-
Agitated saline
Where does conductive heating occur - ANSWER-2-5 mm beneath electrode
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