NURS 5315 Test 2024 | Questions Solved 100%
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Hypercalcemia - ✔✔Because serum calcium levels are increased, a greater amount of
calcium is also contained inside the cells. The threshold potential becomes more positive
(hyperpolarized) (e.g., moves from −60 to −50 millivolts) and the cell membrane becomes
refractory to depolarization (decreased excitability).
Hypocalcemia manifestations - ✔✔there is an increase in neuromuscular excitability
Hypocalemia manifestations - ✔✔Two clinical signs are Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign.
Chvostek sign is elicited by tapping on the facial nerve just below the temple. A positive sign is a
twitch of the nose or lip. Trousseau sign is contraction of the hand and fingers when the arterial
blood flow in the arm is occluded for 5 minutes with the use of a blood pressure cuff. More
severe forms manifest tetany.
Magnesium is required for (Book) - ✔✔the binding of ATP to the myosin site.
Hypomagnesaemia: (Book) - ✔✔clinical manifestations include behavioral changes,
irritability, increased reflexes, muscle cramps, ataxia, nystagmus, tetany, convulsions,
tachycardia, hypotension. Because magnesium inhibits potassium channels, loss of magnesium
results in movement of potassium out of the cell, with renal excretion resulting in hypokalemia.
Hypermagnesemia clinical manifestations(Book) - ✔✔clinical manifestations include
lethargy, drowsiness; loss of deep tendon reflexes; nausea and vomiting; muscle weakness;
hypotension; bradycardia; respiratory distress; heart block, cardiac arrest. Excess magnesium
concentration depresses skeletal muscle contraction and nerve function.
, 1. Explain the difference between cardiac hemodynamic measures Video Lecture:
Cardiac output - ✔✔Cardiac output is the amount of blood pushed from the left ventricle in
1 minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate in beats per minute by the stroke
volume.
Stroke Volume - ✔✔Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle for each
cardiac cycle (heart beat).
Ejection fraction- The ejection fraction is the percentage of blood which is ejected from the
ventricle with each contraction. It is calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the end
diastolic volume.
Ejection fraction - ✔✔The ejection fraction is the percentage of blood which is ejected from
the ventricle with each contraction. It is calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the end
diastolic volume.
Ejection fraction - ✔✔The ejection fraction is the percentage of blood which is ejected from
the ventricle with each contraction. It is calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the end
diastolic volume.
Preload- Preload is comprised of two things, the end diastolic volume and the end diastolic
pressure.
Afterload - ✔✔Afterload is the resistance that the ventricle pushes against to contract. This
includes aortic pressure and systemic vascular resistance.
Myocardial cells (book) - ✔✔are the cardiac
cells which are arranged in branching networks throughout the
myocardium.
1. Myocardial cells - ✔✔transmit action potentials quickly from cell to cell
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