Pathophysiology Exam 2 - SLCC
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Anemia s/s - Answers -✔✔ Fatigue, Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Pallor. Clinical
manifestations: Plasma expansion - watery blood, less viscous blood. Decreased
hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the blood. Assess for anemia by checking inside of
person's mouth for pale colored mucosa and gums
Repairing bleed - Answers -✔✔ Hemorrhage anemia
O2 - Answers -✔✔ Sickle Cell Crisis, Hemorrhage, Aplastic Anemia, Hemolytic
Anemia, Renal Failure anemia
pain relieving drugs - Answers -✔✔ Sickle cell
diet changes and iron supplements - Answers -✔✔ Nutritional Deficiency Anemias
folic acid supplements or B12 injections - Answers -✔✔ Pernicious Anemia
blood transfusion - Answers -✔✔ Sickle Cell crisis, Hemorrhage, Aplastic Anemia,
Hemolytic Anemia, Renal Failure anemia
bone marrow transplant - Answers -✔✔ Aplastic Anemia
Injections of synthetic erythropoietin - Answers -✔✔ Aplastic Anemia, Renal Failure
anemia
IV fluids - Answers -✔✔ Sickle Cell Crisis, Hemorrhage, Renal Failure anemia.
Aplastic Anemia - Answers -✔✔ Destruction of bone marrow stem cells. Anyone is at
risk. Symptoms: Infection, bleeding. Caused by exhaustion of the bone marrow.
Erythropoiesis cannot keep up with the constant need to replace red blood cells. Sickled
red blood cells have a lifespan of 10-20 days. Constant stress on bone marrow stem
cells can eventually lead to bone marrow failure.
Red Blood Cell - Answers -✔✔ Carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Associated organ: Erythropoietin/Kidney. Erythropoietin signals bone marrow to make
red blood cells.
, White Blood cell - Answers -✔✔ Thymus/Lymphatic system - damage to thymus can
cause infection problems.
Blood dyscrasias - Answers -✔✔ Blood component disorders. Can be cause by the
primary tumor but is usually caused by bone marrow damage from various cancer
treatments
Anemia - Answers -✔✔ low red blood cell count caused by bleeding, malnutrition,
cancer treatments. Tumor may ulcerate or erode blood vessel - bleeding. Causes a
decreased delivery of oxygen to tissues and leads to patient fatigue and s/s of low
oxygen (SOB, sighing, etc.)
Leukopenia - Answers -✔✔ Low white blood cell count caused by bone cancers or
cancer treatments. Low WBC's means cancer patients are prone to infections.
Thrombocytopenia - Answers -✔✔ Low platelet count from bone cancers or cancer
treatments. Causes bleeding disorders which in turn leads to anemia.
RBC - Answers -✔✔ 3.6-5.4
Elevated RBC (polycythemia) - Answers -✔✔ Cardiovascular disease, stress,
polycythemia vera, smokers, high altitude, hemoconcentration and dehydration, renal
cell carcinoma and other erythropoietin-producing neoplasms.
Decreased RBC (Anemia) - Answers -✔✔ Anemias, hemolysis, Chronic renal failure,
Hemorrhage, failure of marrow production.
Hemoglobin - Answers -✔✔ 12-16.5
Hematocrit - Answers -✔✔ 37-50%
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy - DIC - Answers -✔✔ both massive blood
clotting (thrombi) and hemorrhage. It is always secondary to an underlying disorder.
Body overproduces many small blood clots throughout the body, depleting the body of
clotting factors and platelets. These small clots are dangerous and can interfere with the
blood supply to organs, causing dysfunction and failure. Massive bleeding can occur
due to the body's lack of clotting factor and platelets. Life-threatening and needs to be
treated promptly. Cytokine is released when the inflammatory response is triggered.
Cytokine is implicated as a causative agent in DIC
Trigger phase - Answers -✔✔ Sepsis & septic shock, OB complications, Trauma, Blood
transfusions, hematologic disease, some cancers
S/S: Clotting phase - Answers -✔✔ DVT, Renal failure, difficulty breathing, neurologic
changes, numbness, liver dysfunction.
