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NTR 555 Final Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025
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NTR 555 Final Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025
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NTR 555 Final Exam with completesolutions 2024/2025
oxidation of nutrients - ANSWER-alcohol > carbohydrate = protein > lipid
diets to lose weight - ANSWER-low in carb and low in fat
(low in protein- delete muscle mass)
energy balance important - ANSWER-positive- gain weight
negative- lose weight
how to measure energy content food - ANSWER-use bomb calorimeter:
dehydrate, put in chamber, fill with oxygen, wires to run current through food,
oxidize food, all converted to CO2 + H2O, byproduct of heat, goes into water- and
see how many degrees water was heated = gross energy of food
** not all usable in body
proximal analysis - ANSWER-metabolizable energy of foods
mass - sum (moisture+ ash + protein (nitrogen) + fat (in organic solvent)) =
carbohydrate (difference since hard to measure)
protein 4 kcal / g
fat- 9 kcal/g
7 kcal/ g alcohol
carb 4 kcal/ g
after mutliply heat of combustion values * coefficients of digestibility
Atwater values
a general approximation of the feeds content of major nutrient groups
heat of combustion values - ANSWER-4.1 kcal/ g carb
9.45 kcal/ ga fat
5.63- 1.3 kcal/ g urea (kidney energy)= 4.3 kcal/ g
, don't apply these values to food
before digestibility
what happens when we digest? - ANSWER-Gross energy- indigestible= digestible
then adjust for urea- - urine energy= metabolizable energy (on the label of foods)
energy balance changes from eating are self-regulating - ANSWER-normally we
are in balance at same weight
increase fat from 70 g/ day to 100 g/ day--- fat stores begin to increase, gain
weight (since no change in fat oxidation) , now heavier- energy oxidation will also
rise
change back- shift negative, fat stores begin to decrease
glycogen depletion - ANSWER-occurs on high fat/ low carb diet or low kcal/ high
exercise, can account for 4-8 pound of carbohydrate & water loss
out of liver and muscle (due to water for storage)
do low carbo high-fat weight loss diet work? - ANSWER-high carb- cause insulin
to rise
if low, potentially tissues store much weight
don't rely on calorie counts, instead appetite control
effective since lose glycogen and water quickly (initial)
reduce calorie intake
as you start burning fat for energy- since carb can't feed in TCA
acetyl Coa build up from beta oxidation of fatty acids--> ketones formation
brain use them for fuel over glucose= appetite repressing effect
greater weight loss with low carb than low fat (only 6 months)
12 months- people adapt
thermic effect of a meal - ANSWER-easier to look at meal than whole day
don't burn same calories for every meal that we eat, previous, bacteria
energy expenditure - ANSWER-resting metabolic rate (heat from body)
activity thermogenesis (heat more due to movement)
TEF (thermic effect of food) heat produced from food
Where do the calories we eat go? - ANSWER-over half- RMR
NEAT- non-exercise activity thermogenesis
exercise thermogenesis
obese more time sitting than standing/ ambulating
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