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GRST Final Exam Questions And Correct Answers
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GRST Final Exam Questions And Correct Answers3rd century roman grave markers - ANSWER - We start to see grave markers
accompanied by inscriptions, often including biographical data about the deceased
- Funerary inscriptions start to give us a good amount of information; we have more than
half a million Roman inscriptions, not all funerary, spanning ~3rd century BCE - 3rd
century CE
The Twelve Tables - ANSWER - A formal code of laws was drawn up - perhaps under
Greek influence - c. 450 BCE; the statutes were engraved on twelve bronze plates which
were mounted in the Roman Forum - the city's central public space - and known as the
Twelve Tables
- The bronze plates have not survived but several of the statutes survive in the writing of
later Roman authors
- Sometimes the laws mention elements of society that correspond with the 'historical'
tradition for the 5th century BCE, mention of patricians and plebeians for example
Accuracy of history of early roman republic - ANSWER - It is impossible to know just how
much of the 'history' of the early Republic is 100% reliable; maybe much of it, maybe
some of it, perhaps reliable in the 'big picture' but not in the detail.
We do agree that by the 3rd century BCE Rome is one of the most populated cities in the
Mediterranean world, having 60,000-90,000 people,
By the 3rd century BCE, Rome does appear to be in control of pretty much all of the
peninsula of Italy
By the 3rd century BCE, Rome does appear to have access to a large army it can call
upon, perhaps 500,000 troops
Social factors (Why Rome was Successful) - ANSWER - Romans found peaceful
solutions to socio-economic friction in their own society
5th-4th centuries BCE, resolution of Struggle of the Orders
• Plebeians continue to support the state
,- Settlements of Romans in colonies (better land) at key strategic places outside of
Rome
Diplomatic factors (Why Rome was Successful) - ANSWER Romans harnessed the
strength of defeated opponents, made alliances with varying degrees of rights
Military factors (Why Rome was Successful) - ANSWER Romans invented new
technologies and used new strategies
Scutum - ANSWER (an oblong shield), protected more of the body than hoplite or
Macedonian shield - individual protection
Testudo - ANSWER tactical group protection in which legions would form a tortoise shell
shape with their shields
Roman army innovations - ANSWER - Different classes of soldiers (divisions according
to skill and age); different weaponry and armour, different uses
- Maniple a very flexible military organization; small units more manoeuvrable and
responsive than the phalanx
- Two-Legion Consular Army (i.e. one each consul, two legions)
- High discipline, harsh punishments for offenders (including beatings to death of
individuals, decimation of maniples)
- Road system; speedy conveyance of troops and supplies
- The Roman army is still filled by conscription at this time; four legions chosen every
year - disbanded after that year's campaigns
- State pay introduced about end of 5th century BCE, but still not a 'professional army'
triarii - ANS Veterans who served as the third line and fought only in times of great need.
These were the greatest veterans and had the largest strongest armour
principes - ANS Larger shields and heavy armer. These were more elite warriors
,hastati - ANS Small breast plate, one shin guard. carried spears and formed the second
line of attack.
velites - Roman skirmishers - lightly-armed infantrymen who fought as individuals in
front of the triplex acies.
Rome and Carthage - While Rome has been growing another power had been growing in
the western Mediterranean from about 800 BCE
Carthage, in North Africa, had been colonized by settlers from Tyre in Phoenicia; we
shall see that the Romans use the term 'Punic' about them - this is just a Latin corruption
of the word Phoenician
The Carthaginians were active traders, controlled many of the trading posts and
shipping routes; they often prevented others trading by treaties and aggression
Carthage - ANSWER Appears to have suffered internal woes at the hands of the state
For some time it seems Carthage and Rome were on relatively good terms-after all, the
two powers allied against Pyrrhus of Epirus in the 270's BCE-but in 264 BCE they fought
the first of three wars known as the Punic Wars
punic wars - ANSWER - Conflict between two major cities, Rome and Carthage, and their
allies
- Major Events:
• First Punic War (264-241 BCE)
• Second Punic War (218-201 BCE)
• Third Punic War (149-146 BCE)
Major literary sources for the punic wars - ANSWER • Polybius (Greek, c. 200-118 BCE,
eyewitness to Third Punic War)
, - Livy (Roman, 59 BCE - 17CE, not an eyewitness account, winning side)
No Carthaginian literary evidence - as of ten no Persian, Spartan, Etruscan etc.
Beginning of first punic war - ANSWER - Flashpoint - Messana in Sicily, local conflict,
different sides appeal to Carthage or to Rome
264 BCE debate at Rome if Carthaginians control Messana they could proceed to Italy
senate votes for war
In actuality, Rome had been gearing up for war for generations; allying with the enemy
of your enemy was convenient cover for aggressive imperialism
264-241 BCE
Events of first punic war -ANSWER- 264 BCE Rome defeats Carthaginians at Messana
Carthaginian general crucified
263 BCE Syracuse switches alliance from Carthage to Rome; becomes important
Roman supply base for ~ 50 years
- 263-262 BCE Romans follow Carthaginians across the west; Agrimentum is besieged;
Carthaginians flee, though the city falls and is brutally treated by the Romans
Carthaginians do not again invade by land; Rome devotes attention to the equipping of
her fleet
- 262-261 BCE ~100 warships constructed; quinquiremes,
Invention of corvus (lit.'crow') plank with a spike that can be dropped onto enemy ship,
creating a gangway for passage of troops; allowed a 'land battle' on a ship--get the idea
from the Syracusans
Corvus - ANSWER The device that allowed the Romans to board enemy ships. Was a
long plank with a spike on the end.
Eventually abandoned as it made the ships top heavy and a lot sank in rough seas.
First Roman victory at sea - ANSWER 260 BCE First Roman victory at sea at Mylae, off
northern Sicily
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