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PHIL 1410 Exam 3 with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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PHIL 1410 Exam 3 with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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PHIL 1410 Exam 3 with complete solutions2024/2025
6 Criteria for Judging Arguments by Analogy - ANSWER-1) Number of entities -
the more cases, the stronger the argument
2) Variety of instances of the premises - the more variety amongst the cases in
the premises, the stronger the argument
3) Number of similar respects - The more respects in which cases in the premises
are similar to each other and the case in the conclusion, the stronger the
argument
4) Relevance - only relevant similarities contribute to the strength of the
argument, irrelevant similarities do not contribute
5) Disanalogies - A disanalogy, or dissimilarity between the conclusion and the
premises weakens an analogical argument
6) Strength of the conclusion - The more modest the claims of the conclusion, the
stronger the argument
Sufficient Condition - ANSWER-To say that X is a sufficient condition for Y means
that if we have X, then we have Y. X guarantees Y to some extent.
Necessary Condition - ANSWER-To say that X is a necessary condition for Y
means that if we do not have X, then we do not have Y. Without X, no Y.
Mill's 5 Methods of Determining Causation - ANSWER-1) Method of Agreement
2) Method of Difference
, 3) Method of Agreement and Difference
4) Method of Residues
5) Method of Concomitant Variation
Number of Entities Criterion - ANSWER-The more cases, the stronger the
analogical argument
Variety of Instances in the Premises Criterion - ANSWER-The more variety
amongst the cases in the premises, the stronger the argument
Number of Similar Respects Criterion - ANSWER-The more respects in which
cases in the premises are similar to each other and the conclusion, the stronger
the argument
Relevance Criterion - ANSWER-Only relevant similarities contribute to the
strength of an argument, irrelevant similarities do not contribute
Disanalogy Criterion - ANSWER-A disanalogy between the conclusion and
premises weakens an analogical argument
Strength of the Conclusion Criterion - ANSWER-The more modest the claims of
the conclusion, the stronger the argument
Method of Agreement - ANSWER-The common circumstance of multiple
phenomenon is the causal circumstance
Method of Difference - ANSWER-If some circumstances where a phenomenon
occurs differ in one respect, then that difference is the causal factor
Joint Method of Agreement and Difference - ANSWER-The combination of both
the Method of Agreement and the Method of Difference
Proximate Cause - ANSWER-The nearest event in the causal chain to the
resulting event
Remote Cause - ANSWER-A more distant event in the causal chain of a resulting
event
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