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phil 1410 exam 2 with complete solutions 2024_2025
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phil 1410 exam 2 with complete solutions 2024_2025
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phil 1410 exam 2 with completesolutions 2024/2025
deductive argument - ANSWER-- argument that reasons from known premises to
an inevitable conclusion
- does not come in degrees of strength-it is either valid or invalid
EX. All ravens are black, therefore if there is a raven on a mountain, it is black.
inductive argument - ANSWER-- reasoning from individual observations or events
to conclude a general principle
- because it is intended to provide reasons, it can either be strong or weak
(depending on strength of reasoning that they provide)
EX. All ravens we have observed are so far black, therefore all ravens are black
defeasible - ANSWER-ability of implication to be cancelled to be changed
EX. Synthetic, A Posteriori, Inductive Argument
AKA New information can change force of argument
Indefeasible - ANSWER-not capable of being voided or changed
Ex. Analytic, A Priori, Deductive Argument
AKA No new information will change your argument
, Evaluating Arguments to and from generalities - ANSWER-Definition - Sample
part of population and draw conclusion about whole OR know something about
population and draw conclusion about part of population.
Ask:
- Are premises acceptable?
- Is sample biased?
- Is sample small?
- Is sample a product of biased sampling procedures?
Reference Class - ANSWER-X percent of Fs have the feature G.
a is an F.
Therefore, a has the feature G.
F is the reference class.
Be able to recognize when a reference class is good or bad - too broad or
irrelevant.
6 characteristics of good explanations - ANSWER-Depth
- Doesn't require it's own explanation
- explanation is shallow if explaination itself doesn't need to be explained
Power
- how much else it explains
- explanation can be used successfully over a wide range of cases
Falsifiability
- not compatible with every possible experience
Modesty
- doesn't claim more than needed
Simplicity
- doesn't require extraneous commitments
- simple explanations are easier to understand and apply
Conservativeness
- gives up fewer well-established beliefs
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