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EXP3604 Final Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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EXP3604 Final Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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EXP3604 Final Exam with completesolutions 2024/2025
What is cognitive psychology? - ANSWER-the study of mental processes -
perception, attention, memory, language, knowledge, problem-solving, decision-
making, and consciousness
What are Marr's 3 levels of analysis? What do they characterize? - ANSWER-1.
Computation
- goal of computation, why is it important, and logic strategy
- level of what device does and why
- ex. cash register computes how much items cost
2. Representation & Algorithm
- representation for input and output
- algorithm for transformation
- rules that govern
- ex. cash register inputs numbers and outputs total cost with algorithm of adding
numbers and carrying over
3. Hardware Implementation
- physical representation of hardware and algorithm
- ex. cash register has digits shown as keys
What is behaviorism? What are some problems with behaviorism? - ANSWER-
John B. Watson - early to mid 1900s
focused only on behavior and how it can change with different stimuli
criticism: same behavior can respond to different stimuli
- same stimuli can also produce different behaviors
- ex. mind is a black box
What is the Cognitive Revolution? - ANSWER-1950s- today
Transcendental Method - Immanuel Kant
- inference to the best explanation
,- reason backward from observations to infer the cause
- start with observations to infer cause
What are the brain's 3 primary functions? - ANSWER-1. Creating a sensory reality
- receiving information
2. Integrating information
- sending the information to a processor and integrate it to make decisions
3. Producing a motor output
- respond to the environment based on the information
The four lobes of the brain - what are their names, and what functions are
associated with them? - ANSWER-1. Frontal lobe - executive function, motor
functions
2. Parietal lobe - spatial processing, somatosensory
3. Temporal lobe - audition, speech, emotion
4. Occipital lobe - vision
What is the principle of "contralateral organization" in the brain? What function
(or functions) are localized to one hemisphere? What functions are localized to
both? - ANSWER-- Brain circuits are crossed
- sensations from right side projected to left hemisphere and vice versa
- Language: left hemisphere
- Spatial location: right hemisphere
What are the parts of a neuron? - ANSWER-Cell body: decision maker
Dendrites: listeners
Axons: transmit signal
Axon Terminals: release neurotransmitters to start the cycle in the next neuron
What is TMS? - ANSWER-- uses magnetic pulse to disrupt brain function in
targeted area
- pulse interrupts ability, then targeted region is critical for completing the task
What is fMRI? - ANSWER-- measures relative volume of oxygenated blood
- higher spatial resolution
- infer active regions
- functional, okay temporal resolution, excellent spatial resolution
What is EEG? - ANSWER-- gives readouts of brain activity/function
- signal: voltage change at scalp
, - function, excellent temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution
What is PET? - ANSWER-- measures relative metabolic activity
- lower spatial resolution
- measured in "control state" - no stimulus, then with stimulus present
- radioactive emissions in blood
- functional, okay temporal resolution, okay spatial resolution
What is a synapse? - ANSWER-gap junction between neurons which chemical
neurotransmitters communicate across that produces an electrical effect in the
next neuron
What is the principle of "lateral inhibition?" What phenomena does it relate to? -
ANSWER-- pattern in which cells, which stimulated, inhibit the activity of
neighboring cells
- highlights a surface's edge
- ex. contrast at the edge, black-grey stripes that look like a gradient, cubes with
what appears to be black dots
What are the "what" and "where" pathways of vision, and what are they
responsible for? - ANSWER-Dorsal: where/how
- ability to move and perform an action
Ventral: what
- recognition: processed by temporal lobe
What does "top-down" processing refer to? "Bottom-up" professing refer to? -
ANSWER-Top-down processing: uses expectations, models, experiences
- figuring out if you've seen it before
Bottom-up processing: takes sensory information and processes it for visual
interpretation
- figure out what you are seeing
What do "retinal disparity" and "convergence" refer to? - ANSWER-Retinal
Disparity: each eye has a slightly different views
- when image falls on different regions of retina, the difference is encoded as
depth
Convergence: moving eyes inward to focus on near objects
- helps determine depth
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