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EXP3604 exam 1 with complete solutions 2024_2025
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EXP3604 exam 1 with complete solutions 2024_2025
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EXP3604 exam 1 with completesolutions 2024/2025
Cognition - ANSWER-Refers to the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use
of knowledge.
Cognitive Psychology - ANSWER-subdiscipline of experimental psychology
focused on investigating the mental processes that give rise to our perceptions
and interpretations of the world around us
Cognitive Approach - ANSWER-theoretical orientation that emphasizes people's
thought processes and their knowledge
1. What is the relationship between cognition, cognitive psychology, and the
cognitive approach? - ANSWER-They all involve mental processes and
knowledge. Cognitive psychology uses the cognitive approach to study cognition
2. What makes cognitive psychology unique compared to other psychological
perspectives? - ANSWER-Metacognition? Information processes, focus on
internal processes and introspection
Empirical Evidence - ANSWER-scientific evidence obtained by careful
observation and experimentation
Introspection - ANSWER-Systematic analysis of your own sensations
Recency Effect - ANSWER-Remembering things better at the end of the list
Behaviorism - ANSWER-Focuses on objective and observable behavior reactions
to stimuli
,Operational Definition - ANSWER-Precise definition that specifies exactly how to
measure and/or manipulate variables
Gestalt Psychology - ANSWER-Humans have basic tendencies to actively
organize what we see, and the whole is greater than the sum of the parts
Gestalt - ANSWER-Overall quality that transcends the individual elements
• Information-processing Approach - ANSWER-Argued that a) our mental
processes are similar to the operations of a computer, and b) information
progresses through our cognitive system in a series of stages one step at a time
• Atkinson-Shiffrin Model - ANSWER-Memory involves a sequence of separate
steps
• Sensory Memory - ANSWER-Storage system that records information from each
of the senses with reasonable accuracy
• Short-Term Memory/Working Memory - ANSWER-Capacity for holding a small
amount of information
• Long-term Memory - ANSWER-Where informative knowledge is held indefinitely
• Ecological Validity - ANSWER-Extent to which research findings can be
generalized to real life
Know the contributions each psychologist below made to cognitive psychology
and explain how their ideologies differ - ANSWER-
• Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER-(father of psychology) german physiologist who
founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research
laboratory in 1879 (Rejected by James). He believed in structuralism through
introspection.
• Ebbinghaus - ANSWER-created the forgetting curve and serial position effect in
memory (Rejected by James & Bartlett). Studied nonsense syllables, how long it
took to learn new/old lists, and it takes less time to learn old lists.
• Mary Calkins - ANSWER-First female president of the APA, word pairs that share
more meaning are easier to remember. Paired-associate learning, found that word
, pairs were easier to remember ex: (FSU and Inferior). Also touched based on
recency effect
• William James - ANSWER-founder of functionalism; studied how humans use
perception to function in our environment (Rejected Wundt & Ebbinghaus)
(James views were more like Calkins). Also studied how the human mind is active
and inquiring. He emphasized the kinds of psychological experiences that people
encounter in their everyday lives.
• Frederic Bartlett - ANSWER-He was a British psychologist and the first
professor of experimental psychology at the University of Cambridge. He was one
of the forerunners of cognitive psychology. Memory as active, constructive
process. Schema-based approach (Rejected Ebbinghaus and Wundt)
1. What are the 2 essential components of an operational definition? - ANSWER-It
must be 1) specific and precise and 2) able to be measurable to be measured and
tested
2. Operationally define these variables: memory, intelligence, aggression,
attraction. Try to come up with a few of your own too! - ANSWER-Memory: How
many words are recalled from a list
Intelligence: score on an IQ test
Aggression: Number of physical and verbal threats
Attraction: Number of minutes to people touch each other in two hours
3. Explain how organization is important to gestalt theory. - ANSWER-A
component of patterns are organized together because even because of it over
searching quality
4. Discuss the drawbacks of introspection. - ANSWER-Is wildly in accurate people
over and under exaggerate thei feelings thoughts
The subjective nature leaves it open to mistakes and inaccuracies
5. Understand each step of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model. Describe the
strengths/weaknesses of this model. - ANSWER-Outline of a simple model for
working memory.
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