Behavioral Neuroscience Exam 3 Test Questions Answered Correctly.
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Course
Behavioral neuroscience
Institution
Behavioral Neuroscience
Berger/EEG - Answer Electroencephalogram. Experimenter prepares the sleeper for electrophysiological measurements by attaching electrodes to the scalp. During wakefulness, the EEG shows alpha and beta activity.
Aserinsky - Answer Set up the first sleep lab
Kleitman - Answer REM is co...
Behavioral Neuroscience Exam 3 Test
Questions Answered Correctly.
Berger/EEG - Answer Electroencephalogram. Experimenter prepares the sleeper for
electrophysiological measurements by attaching electrodes to the scalp. During wakefulness, the EEG
shows alpha and beta activity.
Aserinsky - Answer Set up the first sleep lab
Kleitman - Answer REM is correlated with dreaming and increased brain activity
Dement - Answer Studied sleep apnea and narcolepsy
Alpha waves - Answer Regular, medium frequency waves of 8-12 Hz. Produced when the person is
resting quietly, not aroused or excited. Sometimes occur when people's eyes are open but usually only
when they are closed.
Beta waves - Answer Consists of irregular, mostly low-amplitude waves of 13-30 Hz. Beta activity shows
desynchrony, many neural circuits are processing information. Occurs when a person is alert and
attentive to events in the environment or is thinking actively.
Theta waves - Answer Firing of neurons in the neocortex is more synchronized. A transition between
sleep and wakefulness
Delta waves - Answer Occur in the deepest levels of sleep. Less than 3.5 Hz.
Gamma waves - Answer Present during REM sleep and visualization
Stages of sleep - Answer Stage 1 = Marked by the presence of theta activity. Transition between sleep
and wakefulness
, Stage 2 = Contains theta activity, sleep spindles, and k complexes
Stage 3 = More than 50% delta activity. Stage 3 + 4 are considered slow-wave sleep
Stage 4 = Deepest stage. Only loud noises will cause the person to awaken and when the person is awake
they act groggy and confused.
REM sleep - Answer Rapid Eye Movement sleep. EEG becomes desynchronized with theta waves. EMG
becomes silent, loss of muscle tone. The person becomes paralyzed. When woken during this stage a
person is the most alert and attentive and will most likely report that they were dreaming. REM dreams
are narrative with storylike progressions. Our brains are very active. Rate of cerebral blood flow during
REM sleep is high in the visual association cortex but low in the primary visual cortex and prefrontal
cortex.
Non-REM sleep - Answer All stages that aren't REM sleep. Sleep alternates between REM and non-REM
sleep in periods of 90 minutes. There are 20-30 minute bouts of REM sleep.
Slow-wave sleep - Answer Stages 3 and 4. Most important feature is oscillations of less than 1 Hz. The
first part of the wave is a down state (a period of inhibition during which neurons are silent. Neocortical
neurons are able to rest. Neurons are hyperpolarized and do not fire). Second is the up state (period of
excitation during which the oh pneurons fire at a high rate). If a person is woken at this stage and asked if
they were dreaming they would say no but might remember a thought, image, or emotion. Nightmares
often occur during this stage, especially stage 4.
Sleep spindles - Answer During stage 2 sleep. Irregular but contains periods of theta activity, sleep
spindles, and k complexes. Sleep spindles are short bursts of waves of 12-14 Hz that occur between 2-5
times a minute during stages 1-4 of sleep. Play a role in the consolidation of memories and increased
numbers of sleep spindles are correlated with increased scores of tests of intelligence.
K complexes - Answer Sudden, sharp waveforms, usually found only during stage 2 sleep. Consist of
isolated periods of neural inhibition. Occur at the rate of 1 per minute but can be triggered by noises. K-
complexes have two proposed functions: first, suppressing cortical arousal in response to stimuli that the
sleeping brain evaluates not to signal danger, and second, aiding sleep-based memory consolidation.
Insomnia - Answer Affects 25% of the population occasionally. Difficulty falling asleep after going to
bed or after waking up at night. One of the few medical problems that physicians treat without having
direct clinical evidence.
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