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Pathophysiology - BIOD331 - Module 2 Exam Questions And Answers
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Pathophysiology - BIOD331 - Module 2 ExamQuestions And Answers
What is cancer? - ANSWER The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
What is neoplasia? - ANSWER "New growth". Process of uncontrolled, abnormal growth
of cells or tissues in the body
What is neoplasm? - ANSWER The new growth itself
Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ - ANSWER Hypertrophy and
hyperplasia
Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _____ _____ _____(4 words) - ANSWER Appropriate
cellular signaling stimuli
Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? - ANS Proliferation,
differentiation, and apoptosis
What is proliferation? - ANS Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new cell
growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled
proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli. - ANS Genetic
abnormalities
What is differentiation? - ANSWER Process by which cells become more specialized
with each mitotic division
,What is apoptosis? - ANSWER Programmed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or
unwanted cells
What are proto-oncogenes? - ANSWER Cell growth. They encode proteins that signal for
the cell to proliferate
What do tumor suppressor genes do? - ANSWER Cell death. Encode proteins that inhibit
cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER DNA synthesis stops while the cell
enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis begins
What is the S phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER DNA synthesis occurs, producing 2
separate sets of chromosomes one for each daughter cell
What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER DNA synthesis again stops while
RNA/protein synthesis continues.
The first 3 phases of the cell cycle are called __________ - ANSWER Interphase
What are cell cycle checkpoints? - ANSWER Means of molecular surveillance used to
ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
What is the M phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER Mitosis and cytoplasmic division.
Give an example of a type of cell in the body that continuously cycles from one mitotic
division to the next. - ANSWER Skin's squamous epithelium
What is the rest state that some cells go into after the M phase known as? - ANSWER G0
or resting phase
, For what reasons would a cell go into the G0 phase? - ANSWER 1. Nutrients are
unavailable
2. Growth factors are unavailable
3. Very specialized cells are the first ones to leave the cell cycle
Cells that may forever be in G0 in the human body - ANSWER Neurons (highly
differentiated and terminally differentiated cells)
Under what circumstances might a cell leave the G0 phase? - ANSWER Cell receives
stimulus through:
1. Growth factors
2. Hormones
3. Other signals that initiate growth
Give one example of a cell type in the body that would be considered to be arrested in
G0 phase until stimulated to proliferate. - ANSWER Loss of blood or injury to tissue
Define the term cell proliferation - ANSWER The process by which cell numbers are
increased through the division of cells by mitosis.
In healthy tissues, the number of newly formed cells is ______________ to the number of
cells lost through death of shedding. - ANSWER Equal
When cell proliferation is considered, human cells are one of these two categories: -
ANSWER 1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
2. Somatic (non-reproductive cells)
Gametes are _________ - ANSWER Haploids
What is a haploid? - ANSWER A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
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