SOES1006 Self assessment Qs UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
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Course
SOES1006
Institution
SOES1006
SOES1006 Self assessment Qs UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Give a brief definition of a rocky reef - CORRECT ANSWER- hard substrate habitats
usually found along continental shelves in temperate or sub-tropical regions
typically structurally complex
What is the difference betwe...
SOES1006 Self assessment Qs UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Give a brief definition of a rocky reef - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔hard substrate habitats
usually found along continental shelves in temperate or sub-tropical regions
typically structurally complex
What is the difference between a kelp bed and a kelp forest - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Both are highly productive macroalgae habitats attached to rocky reefs
kelp forests consist of canopy forming kelp that reach the sea surface
Kelp beds are formed of shorter kelp that do not reach the surface
What are the three sections of a rocky reef kelp ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Canopy, understory, algal turf
Why are extensive kelp forests are often found along coasts with high upwelling intensity -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Upwelling brings cold nutrient rich waters to the surface
key for kelp growth
need lots of dissolved inorganic nutrients to support photosynthesis
What is a trophic cascade? example. - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔chain-reaction within food
webs that results from changing population densities at higher trophic levels, shifting the
dominance and impact of consumers at lower levels
otters (high trophic level), which eat sea-urchins, are removed from kelp forest ecosystems,
the sea-urchins (which eat macroalgae, such as kelp) become very abundant and cause kelp-
deforestation
What does it mean if community structure is largely driven by "bottom-up" forces -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔abundance and structure of species and individuals within an
ecological community is driven by factors such as nutrient productivity, as opposed to "top-
down" control in which communities are structured by trophic cascades
,peripatric speciation - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔When small groups of individuals break off
from the rest of the geographic range of a species. Over time, genetic and morphological
differences accumulate, causing the formation of new species
allopatric speciation - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔When two or more populations become
completely geographically (and hence, reproductively) isolated. Over time, genetic and
morphological differences accumulate, causing the formation of new species.
example of how sympatric speciation can occur - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔the cryptic
species pair Acropera digitifera and Acropera sp. 1 became reproductively isolated because of
differences in spawning time
biogeographic break - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔geographic location where many species
end their geographic ranges (i.e where many species range limits occur)
phylogeographic break - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔location where two or more genetically
distinct populations within a species (i.e. genetic clades) come into contact.
phenotypic plasticity - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔When a single genome (within a species)
can produce more than one phenotype (e.g. morphology, life history) when exposed to
different environments
If a species has experienced a range expansion (potentially in response to warming
temperatures since the last glacial maximum), would the populations within the recently
expanded portion of its geographic range likely have lower or higher genetic diversity
compared to more central populations? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Lower. As a general
rule, populations within the recently expanded portion of a species' geographic range have
lower genetic diversity compared to more central populations.
Central populations have had more time to accumulate genetic diversity and there is often
higher gene flow between populations in the range centre.
Which of the following is NOT a life history trait: growth rate, age at maturity, size at sex
change, egg size, reproductive output, geographic range, sex ratio, life span - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Geographic range
, protandrous sequential hermaphrodite - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A protandrous sequential
hermaphrodite is a species that starts its life off as a male and then becomes a female later in
life (example: many limpet species).
simultaneous hermaphrodite - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A simultaneous hermaphrodite has
both male and female reproductive organs throughout its life (example: Deep sea Lizardfish).
What is the relationship between egg size and maternal size in fish - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Larger females produce larger eggs
main features of coccolithophores - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Possess CaCO3 liths (so
affected by ocean acidification), main species is Emiliania huxleyi, reflect sunlight and heat
back out of the water
What is a P vs E curve - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Describes the response of photosynthesis
(P) to changes in light intensity (E). Photosynthesis increases with increasing light intensity
until a point where photoinhibition occurs at high light intensities. The photosynthetic rate v.
light will differ in sun or shade-adapted algae, producing different photosynthetic efficiency
curves.
What occurs at the compensation depth (Dc) - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Light intensity is
such that photosynthesis (P) = respiration (R) in a single cell. Above Dc, P>R, while below
Dc P<R
What is the critical depth, and how does its relationship with the mixing depth affect net
production - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Phytoplankton cells are mixed up and down the
water column (above and below the compensation depth), they experience an average light
intensity in the water column. If algal cells mixed beyond the critical depth, no net
photosynthesis occurs
Illustrate the factors influencing a seasonal cycle of phytoplankton in temperate waters -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Depends on the annual light and nutrient cycles, with
phytoplankton peaking in spring and autumn, while zooplankton is very abundant in summer
Name 3 physical mechanisms that cause patchy distribution of plankton - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Langmuir circulation, turbulence, tidal fronts, water mass
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