PSYC 6 Final UCSD UPDATED Actual
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Cognitive Dissonance - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A drive or feelig of discomfort, originally
defined as being caused by holding two or more inconsistent cognitions and subsequently
defined as being caused by performing an action that is discrepant from one's customary,
typically positive self-conception
Self-Affirmation - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔In the context of dissonance theory, a way of
reducing dissonance by reminding oneself of one or more of one's positive attributes
Impact Bias - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The tendency to overestimate the intensity and
duration of one's emotional reactions to future negative events
Postdecision Dissonance - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Dissonance aroused after making a
decision, typically reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and
evaluating the rejected alternatives
Lowballing - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔An unscrupulous strategy whereby a salesperson
induces a customer to agree to purchase a product at a low cost, subsequently claims it was an
error, and then raises the price; frequently, the customer will agree to make the purchase at
the inflated price
Justification of Effort - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The tendency for individuals to increase
their liking for something they have worked hard to attain
External Justification - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A reason or an explanation for dissonant
personal behavior that resides outside the individual (e.g. in order to receive a large reward or
avoid a severe punishment)
Internal Justification - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The reduction of dissonance by changing
something about oneself (e.g., one's attitude or behavior)
Counterattitudinal Advocacy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Stating an opinion or attitude that
runs counter to one's private belief or attitude ("saying is believing")
, Insufficient Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The dissonance aroused when
individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or
object, usually resulting in individuals devaluing the forbidden activity or object
Self-Persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A long-lasting form of attitude change that
results from attempts at self-justification
Hypocrisy Induction - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The arousal of dissonance by having
individuals make statements that run counter to their behaviors and then reminding them of
the inconsistency between what they advocated and their behavior. The purpose is to lead
individuals to more responsible behavior
Attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas
Cognitively Based Attitude - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔An attitude based primarily on
people's beliefs about the properties of an attitude object (attitude stemming from facts,
thoughts, or beliefs)
Affectively Based Attitude - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔An attitude based more on people's
feelings and values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitude object (stems from
values: basic religious and moral beliefs; sensory reactions: such as liking the taste of
chocolate (despite its number of calories); aesthetic reaction: admiring a painting)
Classical Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The phenomenon whereby a stimulus
that elicits an emotional response (e.g., your grandmother) is repeatedly paired with a neutral
stimulus that does not (e.g., the smell of mothballs), until the neutral stimulus takes on the
emotional properties of the first stimulus
Operant Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The phenomenon whereby behaviors we
freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are
followed by a reward (positive reinforcement) or punishment. (playing with a child of another
race --> positive reinforcement= parents' approval; punishment= parents' disapproval -->
positive or negative attitudes toward the attitude object)
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Cognitive Dissonance - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A drive or feelig of discomfort, originally
defined as being caused by holding two or more inconsistent cognitions and subsequently
defined as being caused by performing an action that is discrepant from one's customary,
typically positive self-conception
Self-Affirmation - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔In the context of dissonance theory, a way of
reducing dissonance by reminding oneself of one or more of one's positive attributes
Impact Bias - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The tendency to overestimate the intensity and
duration of one's emotional reactions to future negative events
Postdecision Dissonance - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Dissonance aroused after making a
decision, typically reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and
evaluating the rejected alternatives
Lowballing - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔An unscrupulous strategy whereby a salesperson
induces a customer to agree to purchase a product at a low cost, subsequently claims it was an
error, and then raises the price; frequently, the customer will agree to make the purchase at
the inflated price
Justification of Effort - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The tendency for individuals to increase
their liking for something they have worked hard to attain
External Justification - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A reason or an explanation for dissonant
personal behavior that resides outside the individual (e.g. in order to receive a large reward or
avoid a severe punishment)
Internal Justification - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The reduction of dissonance by changing
something about oneself (e.g., one's attitude or behavior)
Counterattitudinal Advocacy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Stating an opinion or attitude that
runs counter to one's private belief or attitude ("saying is believing")
, Insufficient Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The dissonance aroused when
individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or
object, usually resulting in individuals devaluing the forbidden activity or object
Self-Persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A long-lasting form of attitude change that
results from attempts at self-justification
Hypocrisy Induction - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The arousal of dissonance by having
individuals make statements that run counter to their behaviors and then reminding them of
the inconsistency between what they advocated and their behavior. The purpose is to lead
individuals to more responsible behavior
Attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas
Cognitively Based Attitude - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔An attitude based primarily on
people's beliefs about the properties of an attitude object (attitude stemming from facts,
thoughts, or beliefs)
Affectively Based Attitude - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔An attitude based more on people's
feelings and values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitude object (stems from
values: basic religious and moral beliefs; sensory reactions: such as liking the taste of
chocolate (despite its number of calories); aesthetic reaction: admiring a painting)
Classical Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The phenomenon whereby a stimulus
that elicits an emotional response (e.g., your grandmother) is repeatedly paired with a neutral
stimulus that does not (e.g., the smell of mothballs), until the neutral stimulus takes on the
emotional properties of the first stimulus
Operant Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The phenomenon whereby behaviors we
freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are
followed by a reward (positive reinforcement) or punishment. (playing with a child of another
race --> positive reinforcement= parents' approval; punishment= parents' disapproval -->
positive or negative attitudes toward the attitude object)
