Opnieuw leren ethics & future of business Exam 100% Correct!!
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Opnieuw leren ethics & future
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Opnieuw Leren Ethics & Future
Explain steps of Kohlberg, what is the goal? - ANSWERcognitive moral development (Kohlberg's stages: 1. reward and punishment, 2. social expectations, 3. autonomous thinking) and locus of control
Issue related factors - ANSWER- Moral intensity: how important the issue is to the decision-maker. The...
Opnieuw leren ethics & future of
business Exam 100% Correct!!
Explain steps of Kohlberg, what is the goal? - ANSWERcognitive moral development (Kohlberg's
stages: 1. reward and punishment, 2. social expectations, 3. autonomous thinking) and locus of
control
Issue related factors - ANSWER- Moral intensity: how important the issue is to the decision-maker.
The intensity ofan issue will vary according to six factors:
Magnitude of consequences: the expected sum of the harms/benefits forthose impacted by the
problem or action.
Social consensus: the degree to which people are in agreement over theethics of the problem or
action.
Probability of effect: the likelihood that the harms/benefits are actuallygoing to happen.
Temporal immediacy: the speed with which the consequences are likely to Occur.
Proximity: the feeling of nearness (social, cultural, psychological, physical)the decision-maker has for
those impacted by their decision.
Concentration of effect: the extent to which the consequences of the actionare concentrated heavily
of a few or lightly on many.
Explain moral framing - ANSWERMoral framing: the language used to expose or mask the ethical
nature of the issue.It is mostly used to make an unethical action look more acceptable to oneself or
third parties. There are six strategies how this can be done (view corrupt acts as justified):
- Denial of responsibility: actors engaged in corrupt behaviours perceive that they have no other
choice than to participate in such activities.
- Denial of injury: actors are convinced that no one is harmed by their actions.
, - Denial of victim: actors counter any blame for their actions by arguing thatthe violated party
deserved whatever happened.
- Social weighting: actors assume two practices that moderate the salience ofcorrupt behaviour: 1.
Condemn the condemner, 2. Selective socialcomparison ("others ar
Define the ethical decision making proces - ANSWERIndividual factors
1. Recognize moral issue2. Make moral Judgement3. Establish moral intent4. engage in moral
behavior
Individual factors - ANSWER1. Age and gender: Very mixed results leading to unclear associations
with ethical decision- making
2. Education and employment: somewhat unclear, but also clear differences in ethical decision-
making between those with different educational and professional experience
2a: E.g. business school students argued to have more egoistic values and amoral view of economy.
Experience brings decision-making skills.
3. Psychological factors: small but significant effect on ethical-decision making.
3a. Cognitive moral development: a theory explaining the different levels of moral reasoning that an
individual can apply to ethical issues and problems, depending on their cognitive capacity. The three
levels of moral development are:
- Rewards and punishments- Social expectations- Autonomous thinking
4. Locus of Control: determines the extent to which an individual believes that they have control over
the events in their life.4a. Internal (events can be shaped by own efforts) vs. external (events can be
shaped by the result of the actions of others)
5. Personal values and integrity: the moral principles or accepted standards of a person.
6. Moral imagination: whether someone has a sense of the variety of possibilities and moral
consequences of their decisions→the creativity with which an individual is able to reflect about an
ethical dilemma; seeing the decisions as ethical, and imaging alternative solutions.
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