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ENVS 2210 Midterm 1 Exam – Questions and Answers
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ENVS 2210 Midterm 1 Exam –Questions and Answers
How are honey bees beneficial and productive insects to humans? - -- honey
- crop pollination
- other hive products (beeswax, pollen, propolis, bee venom)
- entertainment (beekeeping, movies, documentaries)
- Where do the earliest records of beekeeping come from? When does it
date back to? - -Ancient Egypt; 4-5 thousand years ago
- When did humans start hunting bee colonies to steal their honey? - -9-10
thousand years ago
- What did traditional beehives look like and made of? - -elongated hives
made of pottery, wood, wicker, straw, cork
- upside-down wicker baskets very popular in most parts of Europe
- When did the scientific basis of beekeeping practice become established? -
-during the 16th, 17th, 18th centuries
- Who introduced Apis mellifera, the western honey bee, into the Americas?
When were they introduced? - -European settlers in the 17th century
- What did native Americans keep before the arrival of the honey bee - -
local species of stingless bees that produced 4-5 times less honey and wax
compared to the western honey bee
- What is the bee space? - -9mm space between combs for honey bees to
pass through (passage area)
- Who designed the mosts useful and important hive? When was it
developed? - -Lorenzo L. Langstroth in 1851 (USA)
- who is considered the father of modern beekeeping? Why? - -Lorenzo L.
Langstroth for designing a beehive w/ movable frames w/ 9mm space inbtwn
- What types of beekeeping devices were invented during the 19th century?
- -beeswax foundation, the honey extractor, the queen excluder, the
smoker, etc.
advances in queen rearing techniques
, - when was the foundation of modern beekeeping established? - -by the
early part of the 20th century
- Apiculture in Europe - -~20 million bee hives w/ an annual average honey
yield of less than 15 kg per colony
- Apiculture in China - -World's largest producer and exporter of honey and
royal jelly w/ over 6 million hives
- exports 80 million kg of honey a year
- Apiculture in Africa - -~14 million bee hives, most of them the traditional
type (w/ fixed combs) and honey and wax are harvested together by
destroying the combs
- Apiculture in Australia and the Pacific Islands - -~1 million colonies of
honey bees
many beekeepers practice migratory apiculture allowing for some of the
highest honey yields per hive in the world (>70 kg per colony)
- Apiculture in the Americas - ->12 million colonies
- honey yields here are higher than those obtained in Europe and Asia
Mexico is the 4th world's honey producer w/ 2 million hives and average
yield of 27 kg
Argentina: 1.5 million colonies, yielding 35 kg per hive
the average annual honey yield per hive in the USA is 20 kg, in Canada, 60
kg (one of the highest in the world)
- Canada has >650,000 colonies
- What order are honey bees? - -Hymenoptera (insects w/ 4 membranous
wings)
As all insects do, bees have 3 pairs of legs and a segmented body
- what are the 3 types of individuals in a honey bee colony? - -queen
(female), worker (female), drone (male)
- What are the 2 functions of the queen in the colony? - -1. to lay eggs (she
is the only reproductive female)
2. to produce pheromones (chemical messages) to maintain colony cohesion,
stimulate food foraging and regulate colony reproduction
, - How do drones develop and what is their function? - -Develop from
unfertilized eggs through parthenogenesis (only carry 1/2 genetic material)
only function is to mate w/ virgin queens during spring and summer
- what are worker bees? - -non-reproductive females that make up the vast
majority of the hive population; perform all duties except reproduction
usually perform activities according to their age, but the colony system is
flexible based on required needs
- What insect did honey bees evolve from? - -a specoid wasp ancestor that
preyed upon other insects (carnivore) but switched to a vegetarian diet
(pollen and nectar)
- Where is the oldest fossil record of honey bees found in and how old is it? -
-Northern Europe, over 50 million years old
- What is the origin of the genus Apis? - -Tropical origin (debate as to
whether they evolved in Africa or Southeast Asia)
- How is Apis mellifera (the honey bee) classified? - -Kingdom: Animalia (all
animals)
Phylum: Arthropoda (animals with segmented body and exoskeleton: lack
backbones
Class: Insecta (composed of three body regions, with three pairs of legs, one
pair of antennae and one or two pairs of wings)
Order: Hymenoptera (four-winged insects with constricted abdomen; many
with social habits)
Superfamily: Apoidea (10-11 families comprising about 20,000 species of
bees. Their bodies are adapted to collect and transport pollen and nectar)
Family: Apidae (comprised of four subfamilies; includes honey bee species,
bumble bees, orchid bees and stingless bees)
Genus: Apis (the true honey bees: at least six species within this genus)
Species: Apis mellifera (the common western honey bee)
- what are the different species of honey bees? - -Apis mellifera (the
common western honey bee kept in Europe, Africa, the Americas)
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