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NU545 CHAPTER 8 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
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NU545 CHAPTER 8 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED Adaptive immunity: Characteristics - Works together with inflammation. - Recognizes foreign or "nonself" substances (ex. Antigens) - Provides long-term protection. - Is slower than innate but more specific. - Has memo...

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  • October 10, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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NU545 CHAPTER 8 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED

Adaptive immunity: Characteristics


- Works together with inflammation.

- Recognizes foreign or "nonself" substances (ex. Antigens)

- Provides long-term protection.

- Is slower than innate but more specific.

- Has memory.


Example of antigens


- Pathogens

- Noninfectious environmental agents

- Drugs

- Vaccines

- Transfusions

- Transplants


Adaptive immunity: End products of adaptive immunity


- Lymphocytes: T and B cells

- Antibodies: Immunoglobulins (Ig)


Adaptive immunity: Generation of clonal diversity

,- Each individual T or B cell specifically recognizes only one particular antigen.

- Sum of the population of lymphocyte specificities may represent millions of foreign antigens.

- Primary lymphoid organs: Is the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.


Adaptive immunity: Secondary lymphoid organs


- Include the spleen, lymph nodes, adenoids, tonsils, Peyer patches (intestines), and appendix.

- High endothelial venules: Lymphocytes bind to the endothelium through adhesion molecules


Adaptive immunity: Clonal diversity


- Occurs in primary lymphoid organs.

- Involves the maturing of B and T cells.

- Migrates to secondary lymphoid organs.


Adaptive immunity: Clonal selection


- Antigen is processed and presented to immune cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

- Cellular interaction of T-helper cells (Th) and APCs: Results in the differentiation of B cells into active

antibody-producing cells (plasma cells) and T cells into effector cells.


Humoral immunity


- B cells and circulating antibodies are the primary cells.

- Causes direct inactivation of a microorganism or the activation of inflammatory mediators.

- Primarily protects against bacteria and viruses.


Cellular immunity


- Differentiates T cells.

- Primarily protects against viruses and cancer.

, How do humoral and cellular immunity work together?


Humoral and cellular immunity work together to provide immunity and memory.

- Respond more rapidly and efficiently on subsequent exposure to the same antigen.


Antigens: Characteristics


- Molecules that can react with antibodies or receptors on B and T cells.

- Is mostly protein but can be other molecules as well.

- Immunogenic antigen: An antigen that can trigger an immune response


Antigens: Sites for binding to antibodies and lymphocytes


- Antigen's binding site: antigenic determinant (epitope)

- Antibody or lymphocyte's binding site: Antigen-binding site (paratope)


Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Degree of foreignness to a host


- Is most important.


Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Size


- If large is extremely immunogenic.

- Small-molecular-weight antigens are called haptens: Cannot trigger the immune response themselves

but can when bound to a carrier protein.


Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Chemical complexity


- The greater the diversity, the more the immunogenicity.


Degree to which an antigen has immunogenic capability: Amount


- High or low extremes can cause tolerance.

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