Solution Manual For
Horngren's Accounting, The Managerial
Chapters, 14th edition Nobles
Chapter 1-9
Patternsofspeciesdiversityonislandsinfluencedbycolonizationandextinction.**EvolutionaryEcology**:Integrationofevolutionarybiologywithecologicalprinciples,including:**AdaptiveRadiation**:Ecologicalopportuniti
esdrivingspeciation.**SpeciesInteractions**:Coevolutionaryrelationshipsandtheirecologicalandevolutionaryconsequences.**EvolutionaryDevelopment**:Discussionontheroleofdevelopmental processesinshaping
evolutionary trajectories and patternsofphenotypic variation.**Human Evolution**:Overviewofhuman evolutionary history, including fossil evidence (e.g., Australopithecus, Homo species) and genetic studies
revealing relationships among modern human populations.**Emerging TopicsinMacroevolution**:Introduction tocurrent research topics and advancementsinmacroevolutionary studies, such as evolutionary
responses toclimate change, genomic approaches tounderstanding macroevolution, and theroleofevolutionary theoryinconservation biology.**Summary and Key Concepts**:The chapter concludes
withasummaryofkey concepts related tomacroevolution, reinforcing understandingofthepatterns, processes, and implicationsofevolution at broader scales.Chapter 16 providesacomprehensive
explorationofmacroevolutionary processes, including speciation, evolutionary trends, biogeography, and theintegrationofevolutionary biology with ecology and developmental biology. It builds upon foundational
knowledgeofgenetics and microevolution, preparing students forfurther exploration into paleontology, evolutionary ecology, and interdisciplinary studiesinevolutionary biology coveredinsubsequent
chaptersofthetextbook.If you have specific questions about anyofthese topics or would like more detailed informationona particular aspectofChapter 16, feel free toask!Chapter 16of"EssentialsofBiology" by Sylvia
Mader and Michael Windelspecht, titled "Evolutionona Large Scale," typically explores evolutionary processes that occur over longer time scales and across larger taxonomic groups. Here’s an overviewofwhat you
might findinthis chapter:**Introduction toMacroevolution**:Definitionofmacroevolution as evolutionary patterns and processes that occur above thespecies level, leading tothediversificationoflife forms over
geologic time scales.**Speciation**:Detailed explorationofspeciation, theprocess by which new species arise:**Allopatric Speciation**: Geographic isolation leading toreproductive isolation.**Sympatric
Speciation**: Speciation occurring within thesame geographic area due tofactors like polyploidy or habitat differentiation.**Parapatric Speciation**: Speciation occurringinadjacent but different
habitats.**PatternsofMacroevolution**:Examinationofmajor patterns and trends observedinthefossil record and biological diversity:**Adaptive Radiation**: Diversification ofasingle ancestral species
intoavarietyofecological niches.**Extinction Events**: Mass extinctions and their impactonbiodiversity.**Convergent Evolution**: Independent evolutionofsimilar traitsinunrelated lineages.**Evolutionary
Trends**:Analysisofevolutionary trends observedinvarious taxonomic groups:**Coevolution**: Reciprocal evolutionary changes between interacting species (e.g., predator-prey, host-parasite).**Evolutionary
Developmental Biology (Evo-devo)**: Studyofhow changesindevelopmental processes contribute toevolutionary change.**EvolutionofComplexity**: Emergenceofcomplex traits and biological structures over
evolutionary time.**Biogeography**:Explorationofthedistributionofspecies and how historical and ecological factors influence patternsofbiodiversity:**Continental Drift**: Movementofcontinents and its
impactonbiogeographic patterns.**Island Biogeography**: Patternsofspecies diversityonislands influenced by colonization and extinction.**Evolutionary Ecology**:Integrationofevolutionary biology with ecological
principles, including:**Adaptive Radiation**: Ecological opportunities driving speciation.**Species Interactions**: Coevolutionary relationships and their ecological and evolutionary consequences.**Evolutionary
Development**:Discussionontheroleofdevelopmental processesinshaping evolutionary trajectories and patternsofphenotypic variation.**Human Evolution**:Overviewofhuman evolutionary history, including fossil
evidence (e.g., Australopithecus, Homo species) and genetic studies revealing relationships among modern human populations.**Emerging TopicsinMacroevolution**:Introduction tocurrent research topics and
advancementsinmacroevolutionary studies, such as evolutionary responses toclimate change, genomic approaches tounderstanding macroevolution, and theroleofevolutionary theoryinconservation
biology.**Summary and Key Concepts**:The chapter concludes withasummaryofkey concepts related
Chapter M:1
Introduction to Managerial Accounting
Review Questions
1. What is the primary purpose of managerial accounting?
The primary purpose of managerial accounting is to provide information to help managers plan,
direct, control, and make decisions.
2. List six differences between financial accounting and managerial accounting.
Financial accounting and managerial accounting differ on the following 6 dimensions: (1) primary
users, (2) purpose of information, (3) focus and time dimension of the information, (4) rules and
re- strictions, (5) scope of information, and (6) behavioral.
3. Explain the difference between line positions and staff positions.
Line positions are directly involved in providing goods or services to customers. Staff positions
support line positions.
4. Explain the differences between planning, directing, and controlling.
Planning means choosing goals and deciding how to achieve them. Directing involves running the
day-to-day operations of a business. Controlling is the process of monitoring operations and
keeping the company on track.
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,5. List the four IMA standards of ethical practice and briefly describe each.
The four IMA standards of ethical practice and a description of each follow.
I. Competence.
Maintain an appropriate level of professional leadership and expertise by
enhancing knowledge and skills.
Perform professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and
technical standards.
Provide decision support information and recommendations that are accurate, clear, concise,
and timely.
Recognise and help mange risk.
II. Confidentiality.
Keep information confidential except when disclosure is authorized or legally required.
Inform all relevant parties regarding appropriate use of confidential information. Monitor to
ensure compliance.
Refrain from using confidential information for unethical or illegal advantage.
III. Integrity.
Mitigate actual conflicts of interest. Regularly communicate with business associates to avoid
apparent conflicts of interest. Advise all parties of any potential conflicts.
Refrain from engaging in any conduct that would prejudice carrying out duties ethically.
Abstain from engaging in or supporting any activity that might discredit the profession.
Contribute to a positive ethical culture and place integrity of the profession above personal
interest.
Patternsofspeciesdiversityonislandsinfluencedbycolonizationandextinction.**EvolutionaryEcology**:Integrationofevolutionarybiologywithecologicalprinciples,including:**AdaptiveR
adiation**:Ecologicalopportunitiesdrivingspeciation.**SpeciesInteractions**:Coevolutionaryrelationshipsandtheirecologicalandevolutionaryconsequences.**EvolutionaryDevelopme
nt**:Discussionontheroleofdevelopmental processesinshaping evolutionary trajectories and patternsofphenotypic variation.**Human Evolution**:Overviewofhuman evolutionary
history, including fossil evidence (e.g., Australopithecus, Homo species) and genetic studies revealing relationships among modern human populations.**Emerging
TopicsinMacroevolution**:Introduction tocurrent research topics and advancementsinmacroevolutionary studies, such as evolutionary responses toclimate change, genomic approaches
tounderstanding macroevolution, and theroleofevolutionary theoryinconservation biology.**Summary and Key Concepts**:The chapter concludes withasummaryofkey concepts
related tomacroevolution, reinforcing understandingofthepatterns, processes, and implicationsofevolution at broader scales.Chapter 16 providesacomprehensive
explorationofmacroevolutionary processes, including speciation, evolutionary trends, biogeography, and theintegrationofevolutionary biology with ecology and developmental
biology. It builds upon foundational knowledgeofgenetics and microevolution, preparing students forfurther exploration into paleontology, evolutionary ecology, and interdisciplinary
studiesinevolutionary biology coveredinsubsequent chaptersofthetextbook.If you have specific questions about anyofthese topics or would like more detailed informationona particular
aspectofChapter 16, feel free toask!Chapter 16of"EssentialsofBiology" by Sylvia Mader and Michael Windelspecht, titled "Evolutionona Large Scale," typically explores evolutionary
processes that occur over longer time scales and across larger taxonomic groups. Here’s an overviewofwhat you might findinthis chapter:**Introduction
toMacroevolution**:Definitionofmacroevolution as evolutionary patterns and processes that occur above thespecies level, leading tothediversificationoflife forms over geologic time
scales.**Speciation**:Detailed explorationofspeciation, theprocess by which new species arise:**Allopatric Speciation**: Geographic isolation leading toreproductive
isolation.**Sympatric Speciation**: Speciation occurring within thesame geographic area due tofactors like polyploidy or habitat differentiation.**Parapatric Speciation**: Speciation
occurringinadjacent but different habitats.**PatternsofMacroevolution**:Examinationofmajor patterns and trends observedinthefossil record and biological diversity:**Adaptive
Radiation**: Diversification ofasingle ancestral species intoavarietyofecological niches.**Extinction Events**: Mass extinctions and their impactonbiodiversity.**Convergent
Evolution**: Independent evolutionofsimilar traitsinunrelated lineages.**Evolutionary Trends**:Analysisofevolutionary trends observedinvarious taxonomic groups:**Coevolution**:
Reciprocal evolutionary changes between interacting species (e.g., predator-prey, host-parasite).**Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-devo)**: Studyofhow
changesindevelopmental processes contribute toevolutionary change.**EvolutionofComplexity**: Emergenceofcomplex traits and biological structures over evolutionary
time.**Biogeography**:Explorationofthedistributionofspecies and how historical and ecological factors influence patternsofbiodiversity:**Continental Drift**: Movementofcontinents
and its impactonbiogeographic patterns.**Island Biogeography**: Patternsofspecies diversityonislands influenced by colonization and extinction.**Evolutionary
Ecology**:Integrationofevolutionary biology with ecological principles, including:**Adaptive Radiation**: Ecological opportunities driving speciation.**Species Interactions**:
Coevolutionary relationships and their ecological and evolutionary consequences.**Evolutionary Development**:Discussionontheroleofdevelopmental processesinshaping evolutionary
trajectories and patternsofphenotypic variation.**Human Evolution**:Overviewofhuman evolutionary history, including fossil evidence (e.g., Australopithecus, Homo species) and
genetic studies revealing relationships among modern human populations.**Emerging TopicsinMacroevolution**:Introduction tocurrent research topics and
advancementsinmacroevolutionary studies, such as evolutionary responses toclimate change, genomic approaches tounderstanding macroevolution, and theroleofevolutionary
theoryinconservation biology.**Summary and Key Concepts**:The chapter concludes withasummaryofkey concepts related
5, cont.
IV. . Credibility.
Communicate information fairly and objectively.
Provide all relevant information that could reasonably be expected to influence an intended
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, user’s understanding of the reports, analyses, or recommendations.
Report any delays or deficiencies in information, timeliness, processing, or internal controls
in conformance with organization policy and/or applicable law.
Communicate any professional limitations or other constraints that would preclude responsi-
ble judgment or successful performance of an activity.
6. Describe a service company and give an example.
Service companies sell time, skills, and knowledge. Examples of service companies include phone
service companies, banks, cleaning service companies, accounting firms, law firms, medical physi-
cians, and online auction services.
7. Describe a merchandising company and give an example.
Merchandising companies resell products they buy from suppliers. Merchandisers keep an inventory
of products, and managers are accountable for the purchasing, storage, and sale of the products. Ex-
amples of merchandising companies include toy stores, grocery stores, and clothing stores.
8. How do manufacturing companies differ from merchandising companies?
Merchandising companies resell products they previously bought from suppliers, whereas manufac-
turing companies use labor, equipment, supplies, and facilities to convert raw materials into new fin-
ished products. In contrast to merchandising companies, manufacturing companies have a broad
range of production activities that require tracking costs on three kinds of inventory.
Patternsofspeciesdiversityonislandsinfluencedbycolonizationandextinction.**EvolutionaryEcology**:Integrationofevolutionarybiologywithecologicalprinciples,including:**AdaptiveRadiation**:Ecologic
alopportunitiesdrivingspeciation.**SpeciesInteractions**:Coevolutionaryrelationshipsandtheirecologicalandevolutionaryconsequences.**EvolutionaryDevelopment**:Discussionontheroleofdevelopmental
processesinshaping evolutionary trajectories and patternsofphenotypic variation.**Human Evolution**:Overviewofhuman evolutionary history, including fossil evidence (e.g., Australopithecus, Homo
species) and genetic studies revealing relationships among modern human populations.**Emerging TopicsinMacroevolution**:Introduction tocurrent research topics and
advancementsinmacroevolutionary studies, such as evolutionary responses toclimate change, genomic approaches tounderstanding macroevolution, and theroleofevolutionary theoryinconservation
biology.**Summary and Key Concepts**:The chapter concludes withasummaryofkey concepts related tomacroevolution, reinforcing understandingofthepatterns, processes, and implicationsofevolution at
broader scales.Chapter 16 providesacomprehensive explorationofmacroevolutionary processes, including speciation, evolutionary trends, biogeography, and theintegrationofevolutionary biology with
ecology and developmental biology. It builds upon foundational knowledgeofgenetics and microevolution, preparing students forfurther exploration into paleontology, evolutionary ecology, and
interdisciplinary studiesinevolutionary biology coveredinsubsequent chaptersofthetextbook.If you have specific questions about anyofthese topics or would like more detailed informationona particular
aspectofChapter 16, feel free toask!Chapter 16of"EssentialsofBiology" by Sylvia Mader and Michael Windelspecht, titled "Evolutionona Large Scale," typically explores evolutionary processes that occur
over longer time scales and across larger taxonomic groups. Here’s an overviewofwhat you might findinthis chapter:**Introduction toMacroevolution**:Definitionofmacroevolution as evolutionary
patterns and processes that occur above thespecies level, leading tothediversificationoflife forms over geologic time scales.**Speciation**:Detailed explorationofspeciation, theprocess by which new
species arise:**Allopatric Speciation**: Geographic isolation leading toreproductive isolation.**Sympatric Speciation**: Speciation occurring within thesame geographic area due tofactors like polyploidy
or habitat differentiation.**Parapatric Speciation**: Speciation occurringinadjacent but different habitats.**PatternsofMacroevolution**:Examinationofmajor patterns and trends observedinthefossil record
and biological diversity:**Adaptive Radiation**: Diversification ofasingle ancestral species intoavarietyofecological niches.**Extinction Events**: Mass extinctions and their
impactonbiodiversity.**Convergent Evolution**: Independent evolutionofsimilar traitsinunrelated lineages.**Evolutionary Trends**:Analysisofevolutionary trends observedinvarious taxonomic
groups:**Coevolution**: Reciprocal evolutionary changes between interacting species (e.g., predator-prey, host-parasite).**Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-devo)**: Studyofhow
changesindevelopmental processes contribute toevolutionary change.**EvolutionofComplexity**: Emergenceofcomplex traits and biological structures over evolutionary
time.**Biogeography**:Explorationofthedistributionofspecies and how historical and ecological factors influence patternsofbiodiversity:**Continental Drift**: Movementofcontinents and its
impactonbiogeographic patterns.**Island Biogeography**: Patternsofspecies diversityonislands influenced by colonization and extinction.**Evolutionary Ecology**:Integrationofevolutionary biology with
ecological principles, including:**Adaptive Radiation**: Ecological opportunities driving speciation.**Species Interactions**: Coevolutionary relationships and their ecological and evolutionary
consequences.**Evolutionary Development**:Discussionontheroleofdevelopmental processesinshaping evolutionary trajectories and patternsofphenotypic variation.**Human
Evolution**:Overviewofhuman evolutionary history, including fossil evidence (e.g., Australopithecus, Homo species) and genetic studies revealing relationships among modern human
populations.**Emerging TopicsinMacroevolution**:Introduction tocurrent research topics and advancementsinmacroevolutionary studies, such as evolutionary responses toclimate change, genomic
approaches tounderstanding macroevolution, and theroleofevolutionary theoryinconservation biology.**Summary and Key Concepts**:The chapter concludes withasummaryofkey concepts related
9. List the three inventory accounts used by manufacturing companies and describe each.
The three inventory accounts used by manufacturing companies are Raw Materials Inventory, Work-
in-Process Inventory, and Finished Goods Inventory.
Raw Materials Inventory includes materials used to manufacture a product. Work-in-Process Inven-
tory includes goods that have been started in the manufacturing process but are not yet complete.
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, Finished Goods Inventory includes completed goods that have not yet been sold.
10. Explain the difference between a direct cost and an indirect cost.
A direct cost is a cost that can be easily and cost-effectively traced to a cost object (which is any-
thing for which managers want a separate measurement of cost). An indirect cost is a cost that can-
not be easily or cost-effectively traced to a cost object.
11. What are the three manufacturing costs for a manufacturing company? Describe each.
The three manufacturing costs for a manufacturing company are direct materials, direct labor, and
manufacturing overhead. Direct materials are materials that become a physical part of a finished
product and whose costs are easily traceable to the finished product. Direct labor is the labor cost of
the employees who convert materials into finished products. Manufacturing overhead includes all
manufacturing costs except direct materials and direct labor, such as indirect materials, indirect la-
bor, factory depreciation, factory rent, and factory property taxes.
Patternsofspeciesdiversityonislandsinfluencedbycolonizationandextinction.**EvolutionaryEcology**:Integrationofevolutionarybiologywithecologicalprinciples,including:**AdaptiveRadiation**:Ecologicalopportuniti
esdrivingspeciation.**SpeciesInteractions**:Coevolutionaryrelationshipsandtheirecologicalandevolutionaryconsequences.**EvolutionaryDevelopment**:Discussionontheroleofdevelopmental processesinshaping
evolutionary trajectories and patternsofphenotypic variation.**Human Evolution**:Overviewofhuman evolutionary history, including fossil evidence (e.g., Australopithecus, Homo species) and genetic studies
revealing relationships among modern human populations.**Emerging TopicsinMacroevolution**:Introduction tocurrent research topics and advancementsinmacroevolutionary studies, such as evolutionary
responses toclimate change, genomic approaches tounderstanding macroevolution, and theroleofevolutionary theoryinconservation biology.**Summary and Key Concepts**:The chapter concludes
withasummaryofkey concepts related tomacroevolution, reinforcing understandingofthepatterns, processes, and implicationsofevolution at broader scales.Chapter 16 providesacomprehensive
explorationofmacroevolutionary processes, including speciation, evolutionary trends, biogeography, and theintegrationofevolutionary biology with ecology and developmental biology. It builds upon foundational
knowledgeofgenetics and microevolution, preparing students forfurther exploration into paleontology, evolutionary ecology, and interdisciplinary studiesinevolutionary biology coveredinsubsequent
chaptersofthetextbook.If you have specific questions about anyofthese topics or would like more detailed informationona particular aspectofChapter 16, feel free toask!Chapter 16of"EssentialsofBiology" by Sylvia
Mader and Michael Windelspecht, titled "Evolutionona Large Scale," typically explores evolutionary processes that occur over longer time scales and across larger taxonomic groups. Here’s an overviewofwhat you
might findinthis chapter:**Introduction toMacroevolution**:Definitionofmacroevolution as evolutionary patterns and processes that occur above thespecies level, leading tothediversificationoflife forms over
geologic time scales.**Speciation**:Detailed explorationofspeciation, theprocess by which new species arise:**Allopatric Speciation**: Geographic isolation leading toreproductive isolation.**Sympatric
Speciation**: Speciation occurring within thesame geographic area due tofactors like polyploidy or habitat differentiation.**Parapatric Speciation**: Speciation occurringinadjacent but different
habitats.**PatternsofMacroevolution**:Examinationofmajor patterns and trends observedinthefossil record and biological diversity:**Adaptive Radiation**: Diversification ofasingle ancestral species
intoavarietyofecological niches.**Extinction Events**: Mass extinctions and their impactonbiodiversity.**Convergent Evolution**: Independent evolutionofsimilar traitsinunrelated lineages.**Evolutionary
Trends**:Analysisofevolutionary trends observedinvarious taxonomic groups:**Coevolution**: Reciprocal evolutionary changes between interacting species (e.g., predator-prey, host-parasite).**Evolutionary
Developmental Biology (Evo-devo)**: Studyofhow changesindevelopmental processes contribute toevolutionary change.**EvolutionofComplexity**: Emergenceofcomplex traits and biological structures over
evolutionary time.**Biogeography**:Explorationofthedistributionofspecies and how historical and ecological factors influence patternsofbiodiversity:**Continental Drift**: Movementofcontinents and its
impactonbiogeographic patterns.**Island Biogeography**: Patternsofspecies diversityonislands influenced by colonization and extinction.**Evolutionary Ecology**:Integrationofevolutionary biology with ecological
principles, including:**Adaptive Radiation**: Ecological opportunities driving speciation.**Species Interactions**: Coevolutionary relationships and their ecological and evolutionary consequences.**Evolutionary
Development**:Discussionontheroleofdevelopmental processesinshaping evolutionary trajectories and patternsofphenotypic variation.**Human Evolution**:Overviewofhuman evolutionary history, including fossil
evidence (e.g., Australopithecus, Homo species) and genetic studies revealing relationships among modern human populations.**Emerging TopicsinMacroevolution**:Introduction tocurrent research topics and
advancementsinmacroevolutionary studies, such as evolutionary responses toclimate change, genomic approaches tounderstanding macroevolution, and theroleofevolutionary theoryinconservation
biology.**Summary and Key Concepts**:The chapter concludes withasummaryofkey concepts related
12. Give five examples of manufacturing overhead.
Examples of manufacturing overhead include costs of indirect materials, indirect labor, repair and
maintenance in factory, factory utilities, factory rent, factory insurance, factory property taxes, man-
ufacturing plant managers’ salaries, and depreciation on manufacturing buildings and equipment.
13. What are prime costs? Conversion costs?
Prime costs are direct materials plus direct labor. Conversion costs are direct labor plus manufactur-
ing overhead. Note that direct labor is classified as both a prime cost and a conversion cost.
14. What are product costs for a manufacturing company?
Product costs are the cost of purchasing or making a product. These costs are recorded as an asset
and not expensed until the product is sold. Product costs for a manufacturing company include direct
materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.
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