Autocrine Signaling - correct answer Cell produces a chemical that affects itself
Paracrine Signaling - correct answer Cell produces a chemical that affects nearby cells
Synaptic Signaling - correct answer Neuronal cells produce a chemical that crosses the synapse
Endocrine Signaling - correct answer Cell produces a chemical that travels via the bloodstream
to remote cells
Nitric oxide - correct answer Vascular endothelium causes vascular smooth muscle to relax
T Lymphocytes - correct answer Detect foreign antigens, produce growth hormones, and
proliferate
Pre-synaptic neuron - correct answer Secretes serotonin, which affects the post-synaptic
neuron
Pituitary - correct answer Produces ACTH which stimulates the adrenal gland
Ligands - correct answer Substances released that bind to a protein receptor and cause
changes in cell function
First messengers - correct answer Extracellular ligands that transfer a signal to a response
Second messengers - correct answer Intracellular mechanisms that transfer a signal to a
response
Protein kinases - correct answer Changes structure and function of a protein by adding
phosphate
Receptors - correct answer Proteins found on the cell surface or inside a cell that bind with
ligands and cause changes in cell function
G-Protein-Linked Receptors - correct answer On/off switches for signal transduction
Convert first messengers to second messengers - correct answer Protein shape and
conformation often triggers the second messenger inside the cell
Opsins - correct answer Convert light to cell signals
Taste buds (gustatory cells) - correct answer Use gustducin to convert flavored molecules to
neuronal signals
Enzyme-Linked Receptors - correct answer Transmembrane proteins that bind with an
intracellular enzyme or have an enzyme-like activity inside the cell
Transport of glucose and amino acids into cells - correct answer Enzyme-Linked Receptors
Ion Channel-Linked Receptors - correct answer Rapid signaling between electrically excitable
cells
Neuronal and muscular impulse conduction - correct answer Ion Channel-Linked Receptors
Ligands move directly across the cell membrane and bind to a receptor inside the cell body -
correct answer Intracellular Receptors
Influence DNA activity - correct answer Intracellular Receptors
Thyroid hormones - correct answer Intracellular Receptors
Glucocorticoids - correct answer Intracellular Receptors
Mineralocorticoids - correct answer Intracellular Receptors
Estrogens, progestins, & androgens - correct answer Intracellular Receptors
Proces by which fats, proteins, and carbohydrates from nutritional intake are converted into
energy - correct answer Cell Metabolism
Catabolism - correct answer Breaking down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce
energy
Aerobic & anaerobic - correct answer Types of metabolism
Kreb's/citric acid cycle & glycolysis - correct answer Processes involved in metabolism
Anabolism - correct answer Construction of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
Amino acids combine to make polypeptides, which then combine to make proteins - correct
answer Anabolism
Stores energetic bonds in these complex molecules - correct answer Anabolism
Anaerobic Metabolism - correct answer Occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP + 2 NADH
+ water and carbon dioxide
Aerobic Metabolism - correct answer Occurs in the mitochondria and produces 36 ATP + water
and carbon dioxide
Carbohydrates are catabolized to glucose - correct answer Sources of Glucose in the Human
Body
Glycogen stores from the liver (fasting) & skeletal muscles (exercise) - correct answer Sources
of Glucose in the Human Body
Carbohydrate ingestion - correct answer Sources of Glucose in the Human Body
Proteins are catabolized to glucose via gluconeogenesis - correct answer Sources of Glucose in
the Human Body
Amino acids metabolized to pyruvate - correct answer Sources of Glucose in the Human Body
Lipids are catabolized to fatty acids and triglycerides via gluconeogenesis - correct answer
Sources of Glucose in the Human Body
Fatty acids metabolized to acetyl CoA - correct answer Sources of Glucose in the Human Body
Triglycerides metabolized to glycerol then glucose - correct answer Sources of Glucose in the
Human Body
Semipermeable - correct answer Keeps certain substances out or in, and allows other
substances through
Facilitated diffusion - correct answer Diffusion of non-lipophilic or large substances through
use of a protein channel
Active Transport - correct answer Transportation across the membrane that requires energy
Primary Active Transport - correct answer Use of energy, such as ATP, directly transports the
substance
Na/K/ATPase pump - correct answer Moves sodium out of cell and potassium inside cell by
using ATP
Secondary Active Transport - correct answer Uses energy of transporting one substance to
transport another
Symport - correct answer Substances transported in the same direction
Antiport - correct answer Substance transported in opposite directions
Vesicular Transport - correct answer Facilitated by membrane proteins and utilize energy
Endocytosis - correct answer Surrounding and taking in of substances
Pinocytosis (cell drinking) - correct answer Taking in of small amounts of fluids or solutes
Phagocytosis (cell eating) - correct answer Engulfment, killing, and degrading of
microorganisms or particulate matter
Receptor-Mediated - correct answer Activation of a receptor allows for a substance to be
taken into a cell
Exocytosis - correct answer Secretion of intracellular substances into the extracellular space
Leak channels - correct answer Always open ion channels
Potassium leak channels - correct answer Allow K to move from inside the cell to outside the
cell
Voltage gated channels - correct answer Open at a certain voltage and used in action
potentials depolarization
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