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BIO 353 Exam 1 Study Guide Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions The Cell ANS Basic unit of life What are the major organelles/structures of a basic eukaryotic animal cell? ANS Nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, chromatin (DNA), mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, go...

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  • October 11, 2024
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BIO 353 Exam 1 Study Guide Questions And Answers
The Cell ANS Basic unit of life



What are the major organelles/structures of a basic eukaryotic animal cell? ANS Nucleolus,
nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, chromatin (DNA), mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
golgi complex, actin filaments, microtubule, peroxisome, ribosomes in cytosol, intermediate
filaments, lysosome, vesicles, centrosome w/ pair of centrioles, plasma membrane, extracellular
matrix



What are the three major disciplines that are involved in studying cell biology ANS 1.
Bioimaging - study of cellular structure and organization
2. Biochemistry - study of chemical reactions of biomolecules
3. Molecular biology/genetics - study of interactions and regulation b/w cellular components
including DNA, RNA, & protein synthesis



What is light microscopy? ANS Uses focused light & lenses to magnify a cell



What is the resolution limit of the light microscope? ANS 0.2 µm



Define resolution ANS Measure of the smallest distance 2 structures can be apart & still see them
as 2 discrete structures



Define magnification ANS A measure of the increase in the diameter of the structure



What is one of the major advantages of the basic light microscope? ANS Live-cell imaging



Describe how amplitude contrast works ANS It is a form of contrast generated by absorption of
selective wavelengths from the visible light spectrum



What is required for amplitude contrast to work? ANS Organic dye to color specific regions of
cells/tissues

,Can the cells be alive when using amplitude contrast? ANS No, they have to be dead



Describe how phase contrast works ANS It is a form of contrast generated by change of phase as
the light travels through different densities of transparent specimen



What characteristic/behavior of light is phase contrast based on? ANS Refraction of light -
change in direction of light determined by the change in the velocity of propagation when passing
through optically transparent media of different refractive indices


Who developed phase contrast? ANS Fritz Zernike



Describe optical tweezers and how they can be used. ANS Instrument that uses a focused laser
beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force, depending on the refractive index mismatch to
physically hold and move microscopic objects



Can the cells be alive when using phase contrast? ANS Yes



Describe the basic idea of epifluorescence microscopy ANS The use of a fluorescence
microscope allows detection of specific proteins or other molecules/ions/organelles that are made
fluorescent by coupling them to a fluorochrome marker



Explain the steps involved in Indirect Immuno-fluorescence Microscopy ANS 1. Cells/tissues are
fixed (killed)
2. Exposed to the primary antibody, the antibody binds only to a specific protein it recognizes
3. Exposed to secondary antibody, the antibody binds only to the primary antibody. The secondary
antibody is coupled to a fluorochrome marker; thus location of protein in cells/tissues are
fluorescently labeled and may be viewed w/ a fluorescence microscope



Are the cells alive or dead for Indirect Immuno-fluorescence microscopy. ANS Dead

, What is GFP and how is it coupled to the proteins in different cellular structures? ANS Green
Fluorescent Protein; it is inserted into the protein



Can other colors of fluorescent proteins be created? ANS Yes: red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
purple



Who are the three scientists that are credited with the discovery and development of GFP? ANS
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, & Roger Y. Tsien



Are cells alive or dead when using fluorescent dyes? ANS Alive



How much did super resolution microscopy increase the resolution of microscopy? ANS
Increased from 200 nm to 60 nm



What is confocal epifluorescence microscopy? ANS Uses a pinhole to block out of focus light in
image formation



What are the three major advantages of confocal epifluorescence microscopy? ANS 1. Increased
clarity & resolution of images
2. Able to see in 3-D
3. Gets rid of out of focus plane



What is Electron Microscopy ANS Numerous techniques for tissue preparation and tissue
analysis



Describe TEM ANS It uses a vacuum; the lenses are magnets that we can control which creates
the focus; there is a fluorescent screen & when an electron hits it, a photon is emitted b/c we can see
photons and not electrons



§ When was TEM developed? ANS 1986

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