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PSYC 388- Final Questions and Answers
2024/2025
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s.
- There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it
distinguished counselling from other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling.
E.G. Williamson
Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers
He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better treatment of patients
and for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons
Founder of vocational guidance
Carl Rogers
Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy.
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Albert Ellis
Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that focuses on
changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne
Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the adult, and
the parent.
Aaron Beck
Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify automatic thoughts
and reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships,
Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling
Counselling in USA grew out of professional psychology; in Canada grew out of
educational psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of
attention to gender issues and sexual preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis
on moral development, challenges of working with different ethnic and cultural groups.
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and
reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz"
who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication
and why?
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Wellness Mode --2000
Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian
colleges and universities, contributed to the growth of the profession of counselling in Canada.
Counsellors and guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas of
testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring full-time counsellors as a result of
the rising popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen
as a crucial part of schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health professionals is:
their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___
choice; change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12)
Curiosity,
ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
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ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6)
1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
6. Vicarious rebellion
identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify ways to prevent it.
state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot
perform functions meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and even a loss of
concern, compassion, and feeling for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well as the individual and
interpersonal factors associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy individuals, using stress-
reduction exercises, engaging in self-assessment, setting aside free and private time.
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