PPCT Use of Force
Tactically - From a Tactical Standpoint - ️️All of the techniques within the PPCT
System are designed around the "Three Minute Rule," which means if an officer cannot
learn the basic mechanics of a technique in three minutes or less, in all probability, the
officer will no...
PPCT Use of Force
Tactically - From a Tactical Standpoint - ✔️✔️All of the techniques within the PPCT
System are designed around the "Three Minute Rule," which means if an officer cannot
learn the basic mechanics of a technique in three minutes or less, in all probability, the
officer will not be able to retain or use the technique in the stress of an actual
resistance. Hick's Law states that "less is best."
Stimulus-response training is direct or indirect training that may determine one's actions
under stress. Currently there are three methods of training when survival skills are
taught. They are: Static Training - Where gross muscle movement is taught without any
stimulus initiating action. Techniques are practiced in a slow motion manner without any
type of stimulated resistance allowed. No more than 25 repetitions should be needed.
Fluid Training - Practicing a technique that is now accompanied by stimulated but
relaxed resistance. The resistor gives the officer the most common type of resistance
that is applicable to the control method being practiced. This type of training shortens
the officer's reaction time and prevents mental stalls. Dynamic Training - This phase of
training is designed to duplicate actual resistance the officers may incur. Dynamic
training must be practiced with restraints and supervision to prevent injury, or keep
injury to a minimum. One benefit is that this type of stimulation separates techniques
into those that work and "those that work only in the gym."
The techniques implemented are all gross motor skills. There are three categories of
motor skills: Gross Motor Skills - Large muscle movement; explosive or strength events
(ex. Squat, thrust); pushing and pulling muscles; working on appendages (legs and
arms); five or less repetitions needed. Fine Motor Skills - Small muscle movement;
dexterity skills and accuracy skills (fingers and hands); typing a
Identify the components of acceptability - ✔️✔️Tactically - From a Tactical Standpoint
Medically
Legally
Medically - ✔️✔️The PPCT System is the first of its kind to completely explore the
medical implications of each technique. The techniques are broken down into two
categories: Normal Use - Technique used at normal speed with no resistance.
Accelerated Use - Technique done at full speed and with full resistance.
In an officer's use of force, as it relates to the in-custody death of a subject, one or more
of the risks listed below was a contributing factor.
1. Heavy alcohol intoxication
2. Extraordinary physical strength
3. Poor color
4. Panic
5. Hyperthermia - red face and high body temperature
6. Sudden tranquility or lethargy
7. Paranoia
8. Cocaine intoxication
, 9. Obesity - large bellies
10. Aggressive or bizarre behavior
11. Apparent ineffectiveness of chemical spray
The officer should also be aware of the possibility of a subject hyperventilating.
Continued rapid breathing or any breathing difficulty may result in the subject losing
consciousness. If the officer is unable to restore normal breathing, he/she should
summons medical assistance. In case of unconsciousness, subject should be treated by
EMS.
Custody related deaths
1. Positional Asphyxia - A lack of oxygen and increase in carbon dioxide in the blood of
the subject, brought about by a subject being in a position that restricts breathing.
2. Cocaine Induced Excited Delirium - Also called cocaine psychosis.
3. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) - Characteristics are similar to cocaine
induced excited delirium but NMS usually occurs in psychiatric patients who are taking
anti-psychotic medication
4. Cocaine Abuse/Toxicity - Cocaine is an agent that stimulates both the central
nervous and cardiovascular systems. Cocaine constricts blood vessels, elevates heart
rate, raises blood pressure, and increases body temperature.
5. Excited Delirium - a state of extreme mental and phys
Legally - ✔️✔️PPCT has developed a force continuum based upon existing non-lethal
force and lethal force case law. From this research, the PPCT Force Continuum was
designed to teach officers what methods of control are reasonable for specific types of
resistance.
Identify the four most common types of resistance. - ✔️✔️The following categories
represent the most common types of resistance that an officer will encounter:
i. Resistance from the escort position.
ii. Resistance while applying handcuffs.
iii. Passive resistance.
iv. Active aggression.
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989) - ✔️✔️stated that all claims that law
enforcement officials have used excessive force in the course of an arrest, investigatory
stop or other "seizure" of a person are properly analyzed under Fourth Amendment's
"objective reasonableness" standard. So it can be said that all force used must be
reasonable and necessary under existing circumstances. The Graham Case made it
clear that the standard for an officer's use of force upon a "seized free citizen" was
whether the officer's force was "objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.
Use of Force Guidelines - ✔️✔️i. All force must be reasonable.
ii. All force must be necessary.
iii. Officer's actions will depend on the subject's actions, variables of the situation and
the officer's knowledge of his/her own physical abilities.
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