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PNB 2XC3 Final Exam 2025 Questions & Answers Solved 100% Correct!!
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PNB 2XC3 Final Exam 2025 Questions & Answers Solved 100% Correct!!
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Name: Score:85 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 85
Only the strongest males hold harems. 23% of harem holders have wounds. Most male-male
interactions are settled with one male withdrawing. Roaring rates is correlated with a males'
harem holding ability (roar more and only in mating season). Fighting is the last resort. Parallel
walk is a mutual assessment.
Lek: Cock of the Rock
Midshipman fish
Red deer (elk)
Bison (buffalo)
Definition 2 of 85
0.3% of horse weight (1.5 kg) would cause a½ body length speed reduction at the finish line
(humans: 0.3% * 60 kg=180 gr) Therefore fat must be taken into account when talking about
fleeing.
Assortative mating in Humans
Horse racing and fat reserves
Zebra finch and body fat
Starlings and fat reserves
,Definition 3 of 85
The following 'basic' tastes indicate:
•Sweet - simple carbohydrates (brain runs on simple carbs)
• Bitter - possibly poisonous or spoiled food
• Salty - Sodium (Na) in salt (NaCl) is an essential nutrient (rare for much of our evolutionary
history)
• Sour - potentially could be because we need vitamin C or acidity, the role is unknown. Single
origin in vertebrates; some species like at while others do not.
-Umami - the taste of free glutamate, a common amino acid indicating the presence of protein.
Act as natural taste enhancers
Nuptial gifts in scorpion flies (not venomous)
Optimal diet model and Great Tits
adaptive fat storage
Adaptive significance of taste
Definition 4 of 85
Male fruit flies court intensively very young males (almost equal mating with males and females)
Male courtship of mature males is also prevalent.
Explanation: errors; male-male courtship in fruit flies and perhaps most insects
Horse racing and fat reserves
Mate choice in pied flycatchers experiment
Zebra finch and body fat
Fruit flies and male-male courtship
,Definition 5 of 85
The sneaker male is smaller than the parental male and sneaks to fertilize eggs during spawning.
The satellite male mimics females, confuse parental males who attempt to spawn with both
apparent females, at which point they release their own sperm.
Midshipman fish
Investment per gamete
Direct benefits
Red deer (elk)
Definition 6 of 85
Mutual assessment of partners through coordinated movement (repeat each others movements)
and food exchange (shows the expected food quality foe the rest of their lives). Shared parental
care. Western grebe is an endangered species. Can be seen in Western Canada
Chimps vs Humans
Grebe
Social learning and brain size (2002 vs now)
Social tolerance in bonobos vs chimps
Definition 7 of 85
Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG)of the hippocampus in mice increase dramatically when
their brains were properly stimulated (in an enriched environment) and were freely allowed to
exercise (will run 4km on their own).
Mate choice in pied flycatchers experiment
Parasite avoidance in tree frog experiment
Mice and enriched environments with exercise
When determining what an animal should eat focus on:
, Term 8 of 85
When determining what an animal should eat focus on:
If the encounter rate with the most profitable prey (prey 1) is above a threshold level, only
this prey should be eaten. The encounter rate with prey 2 should not affect the decision
whether to feed on prey 2
-Encounter rate (# of items encountered per unit time)
-Energy content (calories)
-Handling time (time from capture to complete ingestion
- profitability= energy content/ time (more valuable than encounter rate)
Smell & taste= body-odour & flavour composition: compatibility and quality
Song: compatibility and quality
Body size: larger is better (below aspecies threshold)
Recent matings (discriminate against more than 2 recent matings)
Nest boxes were preferred in artificially darkened males as opposed to dull males (12:3
preference).
Nest boxes were preferred with decoys that could sing as opposed to males decoys that
were silent.
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